Middleton Elizabeth A, Weyrich Andrew S, Zimmerman Guy A
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Physiol Rev. 2016 Oct;96(4):1211-59. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2015. Epub 2016 Aug 3.
Platelets are essential for physiological hemostasis and are central in pathological thrombosis. These are their traditional and best known activities in health and disease. In addition, however, platelets have specializations that broaden their functional repertoire considerably. These functional capabilities, some of which are recently discovered, include the ability to sense and respond to infectious and immune signals and to act as inflammatory effector cells. Human platelets and platelets from mice and other experimental animals can link the innate and adaptive limbs of the immune system and act across the immune continuum, often also linking immune and hemostatic functions. Traditional and newly recognized facets of the biology of platelets are relevant to defensive, physiological immune responses of the lungs and to inflammatory lung diseases. The emerging view of platelets as blood cells that are much more diverse and versatile than previously thought further predicts that additional features of the biology of platelets and of megakaryocytes, the precursors of platelets, will be discovered and that some of these will also influence pulmonary immune defenses and inflammatory injury.
血小板对于生理性止血至关重要，并且在病理性血栓形成中起核心作用。这些是它们在健康和疾病中传统且最为人熟知的活动。然而，除此之外，血小板具有一些特殊功能，这极大地扩展了它们的功能范围。这些功能能力，其中一些是最近才发现的，包括感知和响应感染及免疫信号以及作为炎症效应细胞发挥作用的能力。人类血小板以及来自小鼠和其他实验动物的血小板能够连接免疫系统的先天性和适应性分支，并在整个免疫连续过程中发挥作用，通常还能连接免疫和止血功能。血小板生物学的传统和新认识的方面与肺部的防御性、生理性免疫反应以及炎症性肺部疾病相关。血小板作为比以前认为的更加多样和多功能的血细胞这一新兴观点进一步预测，血小板和巨核细胞（血小板的前体）生物学的其他特征将会被发现，并且其中一些也将影响肺部免疫防御和炎症损伤。
