Chovalopoulou Maria-Eleni, Valakos Efstratios D, Manolis Sotiris K
Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR 157 81 Athens, Greece.
Anthropol Anz. 2016;73(3):195-206. doi: 10.1127/anthranz/2016/0470. Epub 2016 Aug 16.
The purpose of the present study is to define which regions of the cranium, the upper-face, the orbits and the nasal are the most sexually dimorphic, by using three-dimensional geometric morphometric methods, and investigate the effectiveness of this method in determining sex from the shape of these regions. The study sample consisted of 176 crania of known sex (94 males, 82 females) belonging to individuals who lived in Greece during the 20(th) century. The three-dimensional co-ordinates of 31 ecto-cranial landmarks were digitized using a MicroScribe 3DX contact digitizer. Goodall's F-test was performed in order to compare statistical differences in shape between males and females. Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) was used to obtain size and shape variables for statistical analysis. Shape, Size and Form analyses were carried out by logistic regression and discriminant function analysis. The results indicate that there are shape differences between the sexes in the upper-face and the orbits. The highest shape classification rate was obtained from the upper-face region. The centroid size of the caraniofacial and the orbital regions was smaller in females than males. Moreover, it was found that size is significant for sexual dimorphism in the upper-face region. As anticipated, the classification accuracy improves when both size and shape are combined. The findings presented here constitute a firm basis upon which further research can be conducted.
本研究的目的是通过使用三维几何形态测量方法来确定颅骨、上脸、眼眶和鼻腔的哪些区域具有最大的性别二态性，并研究该方法从这些区域的形状确定性别的有效性。研究样本包括176个已知性别的颅骨（94例男性，82例女性），这些颅骨属于20世纪生活在希腊的个体。使用MicroScribe 3DX接触式数字化仪对31个颅外地标点的三维坐标进行数字化处理。进行古德尔F检验以比较男性和女性之间形状的统计差异。使用广义普氏分析（GPA）获得用于统计分析的大小和形状变量。通过逻辑回归和判别函数分析进行形状、大小和形态分析。结果表明，上脸和眼眶在性别之间存在形状差异。从上脸区域获得了最高的形状分类率。女性颅面和眼眶区域的质心大小比男性小。此外，发现大小在上脸区域的性别二态性中具有显著性。正如预期那样，当大小和形状相结合时，分类准确率会提高。这里呈现的研究结果构成了进一步开展研究的坚实基础。
