Szynal Tomasz, Rebeniak Małgorzata, Mania Monika
National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Department of Food Safety, Warsaw, Poland.
Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2016;67(3):247-52.
In addition to the release of lead and cadmium from ceramic and glass vessels, (acceptable limits being set by the EU 84/500/EC Directive), other harmful metals can migrate, such as nickel and chromium. Permissible migration limits for these latter metals however have not yet been set in the EU legislation. Both the toxic properties of nickel and chromium and the measures taken by the European Commission Working Group on Food Contact Materials for verifying permissible migration limits for lead, cadmium and other metals from ceramics have acted as drivers for studies on nickel and chromium release from ceramic and glass tableware.
To investigate the migration of nickel and chromium into food simulants from ceramic and glassware, available on the Polish market, which are intended for coming into contact with food. Potential consumer exposure can thereby be estimated from the release of these elements into food.
Tableware consisted of ceramics and glass vessels generally available on the domestic market, with inner surfaces being mainly coloured and with rim decorations. Migration of nickel and chromium studied from the ceramics was carried out in 4% acetic acid (24 ± 0.5 hrs at 22 ± 2°C), whilst that from glassware in 4% acetic acid (24 ± 0.5 hrs at 22 ± 2°C) and 0.5% citric acid (2 ± 0.1 hrs at 70 ± 2°C). The concentrations of metals which had migrated into the test solutions were measured by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). This analytical procedure had been previously validated by measuring nickel and chromium released into food simulants from ceramic and glass tableware where working ranges, detection limits, quantification limits, repeatability, accuracy, mean recovery and uncertainty were established.
Migration of nickel and chromium was measured from 172 ceramic and 52 and glass vessels samples, with all results being below the limits of quantification (LOQ = 0.02 mg/L), excepting one instance where a 0.04 mg/L concentration of nickel was found. The validated methods for measuring chromium achieved the following parameters; 0.02 to 0.80 mg/L operating range, 0.01 mg/L detection limit, 0.02 mg/L limit of quantification, 6% repeatability, 2.8% accuracy, 102% average recovery and 11% uncertainty. For the nickel method the corresponding parameters were 0.02 to 0.80 mg/L work- ing range, 0.02 mg/L limit of quantification, 0.01 mg/L detection limit, 5% repeatability, 6.5% accuracy, 101% average recovery and 12% uncertainty.
The tested ceramics and glassware did not pose a threat to human health regarding migration of nickel and chromium, and thus any potential exposure to these metals released from these products into food will be small. However, due to the toxicity of these metals, the migration of nickel and chromium is still required for articles coming into contact with food, which includes metalware.
ceramic tableware, ceramics, glassware, food contact articles, nickel, chromium leaching, migration.
除了陶瓷和玻璃容器会释放铅和镉（欧盟84/500/EC指令已设定其可接受限度）外，其他有害金属也可能迁移，如镍和铬。然而，欧盟立法尚未设定后两种金属的允许迁移限度。镍和铬的毒性以及欧盟食品接触材料工作组为核查陶瓷中铅、镉和其他金属的允许迁移限度所采取的措施，都推动了对陶瓷和玻璃餐具中镍和铬释放情况的研究。
调查波兰市场上与食品接触的陶瓷和玻璃器皿中镍和铬向食品模拟物中的迁移情况。由此可根据这些元素向食品中的释放量估算潜在消费者的接触量。
餐具包括国内市场上常见的陶瓷和玻璃容器，其内壁主要有颜色且有边缘装饰。对陶瓷中镍和铬迁移情况的研究是在4%乙酸中进行（22±2°C下24±0.5小时），而对玻璃器皿中镍和铬迁移情况的研究是在4%乙酸（22±2°C下24±0.5小时）和0.5%柠檬酸（70±2°C下2±0.1小时）中进行。使用火焰原子吸收光谱法（FAAS）测量迁移到测试溶液中的金属浓度。此分析程序先前已通过测量陶瓷和玻璃餐具中释放到食品模拟物中的镍和铬进行了验证，确定了工作范围、检测限、定量限、重复性、准确性、平均回收率和不确定度。
对172个陶瓷样品和52个玻璃容器样品测量了镍和铬的迁移情况，除发现一例镍浓度为0.04 mg/L外，所有结果均低于定量限（LOQ = 0.02 mg/L）。用于测量铬的经过验证的方法实现了以下参数：工作范围为0.02至0.80 mg/L，检测限为0.01 mg/L，定量限为0.02 mg/L，重复性为6%，准确性为2.8%，平均回收率为102%，不确定度为11%。对于镍的方法，相应参数为：工作范围为0.02至0.80 mg/L，定量限为0.02 mg/L，检测限为0.01 mg/L，重复性为5%，准确性为6.5%，平均回收率为101%，不确定度为12%。
所测试的陶瓷和玻璃器皿在镍和铬迁移方面对人体健康不构成威胁，因此这些产品释放到食品中的这些金属的任何潜在接触量都将很小。然而，由于这些金属的毒性，与食品接触的物品（包括金属制品）仍需研究镍和铬的迁移情况。
陶瓷餐具、陶瓷、玻璃器皿、食品接触物品、镍、铬浸出、迁移
