Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark.
PLoS One. 2018 Jun 18;13(6):e0199306. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199306. eCollection 2018.
Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellates Karlodinium armiger and K. veneficum are frequently observed in Alfacs Bay, Spain, causing mass mortality to wild and farmed mussels. An isolate of K. armiger from Alfacs Bay was grown in the laboratory and exposed to adults, embryos and trochophore larvae of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. Adult mussels rejected to filter K. armiger at cell concentrations >1.5·103 cells ml-1. Exposure of adult mussels (23-33 mm shell length) to a range of K. armiger cell concentrations led to mussel mortality with LC50 values of 9.4·103 and 6.1·103 cells ml-1 after 24 and 48 h exposure to ~3.6·104 K. armiger cells ml-1, respectively. Karlodinium armiger also affected mussel embryos and trochophore larvae and feeding by K. armiger on both embryos and larvae was observed under the microscope. Embryos exposed to low K. armiger cell concentrations suffered no measurable mortality. However, at higher K. armiger cell concentrations the mortality of the embryos increased significantly with cell concentration and reached 97% at 1.8·103 K. armiger cells ml-1 after 29 h of exposure. Natural K. armiger blooms may not only have serious direct effects on benthic communities, but may also affect the recruitment of mussels in affected areas.
在西班牙阿尔福斯湾，经常观察到有毒双鞭甲藻卡尔多林和 K. veneficum 的大量繁殖，导致野生和养殖贻贝大量死亡。从阿尔福斯湾分离出来的一株 K. armiger 在实验室中生长，并暴露于贻贝（Mytilus edulis）的成体、胚胎和担轮幼虫。成贝在细胞浓度 >1.5·103 个细胞 ml-1 时拒绝滤食 K. armiger。暴露于一系列 K. armiger 细胞浓度的成贝（壳长 23-33 毫米）在暴露于约 3.6·104 K. armiger 细胞 ml-1 后 24 和 48 小时，LC50 值分别为 9.4·103 和 6.1·103 个细胞 ml-1，导致贻贝死亡。卡尔多林还影响贻贝胚胎和担轮幼虫，在显微镜下观察到 K. armiger 对胚胎和幼虫的摄食。暴露于低浓度 K. armiger 细胞的胚胎没有遭受可测量的死亡率。然而，在更高的 K. armiger 细胞浓度下，胚胎的死亡率随着细胞浓度的增加而显著增加，在暴露 29 小时后，细胞浓度达到 1.8·103 K. armiger 细胞 ml-1 时，死亡率达到 97%。自然爆发的 K. armiger 可能不仅对底栖生物群落产生严重的直接影响，还可能影响受影响地区贻贝的繁殖。
