High D M
Theor Med. 1989 Mar;10(1):83-96. doi: 10.1007/BF00625762.
Although treating the elderly occasion the same kinds of ethical issues as treating other patients, specific problems do arise when making decisions for persons, once competent, who no longer can express their values. I examine the problem of decisional incapacity and offer a critique of the principles, such as substituted judgment, and the instruments, such as advance directives, living wills, other instructional directives, as well as surrogate decision-makers.
尽管治疗老年人会引发与治疗其他患者相同类型的伦理问题，但在为曾经有行为能力但现在无法表达自身价值观的人做决策时，确实会出现一些特殊问题。我审视了决策无行为能力的问题，并对诸如替代判断等原则以及诸如预先指示、生前遗嘱、其他指示性文件以及替代决策者等手段进行了批判。
