Jones S S, Raag T
Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405.
Child Dev. 1989 Aug;60(4):811-8.
2 studies tested the hypothesis that infant smile production depends on the availability of a social recipient for the facial signal, as well as on appropriate internal events. We examined the effects of attentive and inattentive, familiar and unfamiliar social objects on smile production in 1 1/2-year-old infants outside of social interactions. Like adults, these infants directed a majority of the smiles produced during nonsocial activity to an attentive social object. Overall smiling frequency was much lower when the only potential recipient (the mother) was inattentive, but the effect did not appear to be mediated by negative emotion. Only smiles directed to mother were reduced: nonsocial smiling (at the toys) was not sensitive to mother's inattention, and when an attentive, friendly stranger was present, she was accepted as a substitute target for social smiles. We conclude that an open channel of social communication promotes the outward expression of internal affect in infants.
婴儿微笑的产生既取决于面部信号是否有社会接受者，也取决于适当的内部事件。我们研究了专注与不专注、熟悉与不熟悉的社会对象对1.5岁婴儿在非社交互动情境下微笑产生的影响。和成年人一样，这些婴儿在非社交活动中产生的大部分微笑都指向了一个专注的社会对象。当唯一潜在的接受者（母亲）不专注时，总体微笑频率要低得多，但这种影响似乎不是由负面情绪介导的。只有指向母亲的微笑减少了：对玩具的非社交性微笑对母亲的不专注不敏感，并且当有一个专注、友好的陌生人在场时，她被接受为社会微笑的替代目标。我们得出结论，开放的社会交流渠道促进了婴儿内部情感的外在表达。
