Ginaldi Lia, De Martinis Massimo
School and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Life, Health, & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy.
Curr Med Chem. 2016;23(33):3754-3774. doi: 10.2174/0929867323666160907162546.
Osteoimmunology investigates interactions between skeleton and immune system. In the light of recent discoveries in this field, a new reading register of osteoporosis is actually emerging, in which bone and immune cells are strictly interconnected. Osteoporosis could therefore be considered a chronic immune mediated disease which shares with other age related disorders a common inflammatory background. Here, we highlight these recent discoveries and the new landscape that is emerging.
Extensive literature search in PubMed central.
While the inflammatory nature of osteoporosis has been clearly recognized, other interesting aspects of osteoimmunology are currently emerging. In addition, mounting evidence indicates that the immunoskeletal interface is involved in the regulation of important body functions beyond bone remodeling. Bone cells take part with cells of the immune system in various immunological functions, configuring a real expanded immune system, and are therefore variously involved not only as target but also as main actors in various pathological conditions affecting primarily the immune system, such as autoimmunity and immune deficiencies, as well as in aging, menopause and other diseases sharing an inflammatory background.
The review highlights the complexity of interwoven pathways and shared mechanisms of the crosstalk between the immune and bone systems. More interestingly, the interdisciplinary field of osteoimmunology is now expanding beyond bone and immune cells, defining new homeostatic networks in which other organs and systems are functionally interconnected. Therefore, the correct skeletal integrity maintenance may be also relevant to other functions outside its involvement in bone mineral homeostasis, hemopoiesis and immunity.
骨免疫学研究骨骼与免疫系统之间的相互作用。鉴于该领域的最新发现，一种关于骨质疏松症的新解读模式正在形成，其中骨骼和免疫细胞紧密相连。因此，骨质疏松症可被视为一种慢性免疫介导疾病，它与其他年龄相关疾病有着共同的炎症背景。在此，我们重点介绍这些最新发现以及正在浮现的新情况。
在PubMed中心进行广泛的文献检索。
虽然骨质疏松症的炎症本质已得到明确认识，但骨免疫学的其他有趣方面目前也正在显现。此外，越来越多的证据表明，免疫骨骼界面参与了除骨重塑之外的重要身体功能的调节。骨细胞与免疫系统的细胞共同参与各种免疫功能，构成了一个真正扩展的免疫系统，因此不仅在各种主要影响免疫系统的病理状况（如自身免疫和免疫缺陷）中作为靶点，而且作为主要参与者以多种方式参与其中，同时也参与衰老、绝经以及其他具有炎症背景的疾病。
本综述强调了免疫和骨骼系统之间相互交织的途径和共同机制的复杂性。更有趣的是，骨免疫学这一跨学科领域目前正在超越骨骼和免疫细胞进行扩展，定义了新的稳态网络，其中其他器官和系统在功能上相互连接。因此，正确维持骨骼完整性可能也与它在骨矿物质稳态、造血和免疫之外的其他功能相关。
