Cruz-Flores Roberto, Cáceres-Martínez Jorge, Muñoz-Flores Monserrat, Vásquez-Yeomans Rebeca, Hernández Rodriguez Mónica, Ángel Del Río-Portilla Miguel, Rocha-Olivares Axayácatl, Castro-Longoria Ernestina
Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico; Instituto de Sanidad Acuícola, A.C. (ISA), Calle de la Marina S/N, esq. Caracoles, Fraccionamiento Playa Ensenada, 22880, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
J Invertebr Pathol. 2016 Oct;140:58-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.09.001. Epub 2016 Sep 10.
Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis (CXc) is a Rickettsiales-like prokaryote that is considered the causal agent of Withering Syndrome (WS), a chronic disease of abalone, from the west coast of North America and it is listed by the International Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as a reportable agent due to its pathogenicity. This bacterium in red abalone Haliotis rufescens, black abalone Haliotis cracherodii, and yellow abalone Haliotis corrugata from California, US and Baja California, Mexico has been found to be infected by a bacteriophage. To date, there is no information on the epizootiology of CXc and its bacteriophage in natural populations of abalone; furthermore, it is unknown if the bacteriophage was also present in CXc infecting blue abalone Haliotis fulgens. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution, prevalence and intensity of CXc, as well as to determine the distribution and prevalence of the bacteriophage and to study interactions between host sex and hyperparasitism in blue abalone and yellow abalone. Tissue samples were obtained from seven localities where the commercial capture of wild abalone is carried out. Samplings were conducted throughout the 2012-2013 capture seasons and a total of 182 blue abalone and 170 yellow abalone were obtained. The prevalence and intensity of CXc and the prevalence of the bacteriophage were determined by histology. The identity of CXc was confirmed by PCR, product sequence analysis and in situ hybridization while the identity of the bacteriophage was corroborated by TEM. The prevalence of CXc infected and uninfected by the bacteriophage was 80% in blue abalone and 62% in yellow abalone. Low infection intensities were found in 86% of blue abalone and 82% of yellow abalone. Infection intensity was significantly higher in undifferentiated yellow abalone. The bacteriophage in CXc showed a prevalence of 22% and 31% in blue abalone and yellow abalone respectively. These results show that CXc and its bacteriophage are widely distributed in the peninsula of Baja California and that they are well established in natural populations of blue abalone and yellow abalone. Additionally, this data constitutes the first record of a bacteriophage in blue abalone.
加州拟异鲍菌（CXc）是一种立克次氏体样原核生物，被认为是枯萎综合征（WS）的病原体，WS是一种发生于北美西海岸鲍鱼的慢性疾病，因其致病性，国际动物卫生组织（OIE）将其列为应报告的病原体。在美国加利福尼亚州和墨西哥下加利福尼亚州的红鲍、黑鲍和皱纹盘鲍中发现这种细菌受到噬菌体感染。迄今为止，关于CXc及其噬菌体在鲍鱼自然种群中的流行病学尚无信息；此外，也不清楚在感染蓝鲍的CXc中是否也存在噬菌体。本研究的目的是确定CXc的分布、流行率和感染强度，以及确定噬菌体的分布和流行率，并研究蓝鲍和黄鲍中宿主性别与超寄生之间的相互作用。从七个进行野生鲍鱼商业捕捞的地点采集组织样本。在2012 - 2013年捕捞季节期间进行采样，共获得182只蓝鲍和170只黄鲍。通过组织学确定CXc的流行率和感染强度以及噬菌体的流行率。通过PCR、产物序列分析和原位杂交确认CXc的身份，同时通过透射电子显微镜（TEM）证实噬菌体的身份。受噬菌体感染和未感染的CXc在蓝鲍中的流行率为80%，在黄鲍中为62%。在86%的蓝鲍和82%的黄鲍中发现感染强度较低。未分化的黄鲍感染强度显著更高。CXc中的噬菌体在蓝鲍和黄鲍中的流行率分别为22%和31%。这些结果表明，CXc及其噬菌体在加利福尼亚半岛广泛分布，并且在蓝鲍和黄鲍的自然种群中已稳固存在。此外，这些数据构成了蓝鲍中噬菌体的首次记录。
