Webster Fiona, Rice Kathleen, Christian Jennifer, Seemann Natashia, Baxter Nancy, Moulton Carol-Anne, Cil Tulin
Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada.
Am J Surg. 2016 Oct;212(4):559-565. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.06.006. Epub 2016 Jul 18.
The number of women in surgery has steadily increased, yet their numbers in academic surgery positions and in high-ranking leadership roles remain low. To create strategies to address and improve this problem, it is essential to examine how gender plays into the advancement of a woman's career in academic surgery.
Focus group (1) and one-on-one qualitative interviews (8) were conducted with women academic surgeons from various subspecialties in a large university setting. Interviews examined women surgeons' accounts of their experiences as women in surgery. Audio-recorded data were transcribed verbatim and coded thematically. NVivo10 software was used for cross-referencing of data and categorization of data into themes.
Focus group data suggested that gender discrimination was pervasive in academic surgery. However, in interviews, most interviewees strongly disavowed the possibility that their gender had any bearing on their professional lives. These surgeons attempted to distance themselves from the possibility of discrimination by suggesting that differences in men and women surgeons' experiences are due to personality issues and personal choices. However, their narratives highlighted deep contradiction; they both affirmed and denied the relevance of gender for their experience as surgeons.
As overt acts of discrimination become less acceptable in society, it does not necessarily disappear but rather manifests itself in covert forms. By disavowing and distancing themselves from discrimination, these women exposed the degree to which these issues continue to be pervasive in surgery. Women surgeons' ability to both identify and resist discrimination was hobbled by narratives of individualism, gender equality, and normative ideas of gender difference.
外科领域的女性数量一直在稳步增加，但在学术外科职位和高级领导角色中的女性人数仍然很少。为了制定应对和改善这一问题的策略，研究性别如何影响女性在学术外科领域的职业发展至关重要。
在一所大型大学环境中，对来自各个亚专业的女性学术外科医生进行了焦点小组访谈（1次）和一对一的定性访谈（8次）。访谈考察了女性外科医生对其作为外科领域女性的经历的描述。对录音数据进行逐字转录并进行主题编码。使用NVivo10软件对数据进行交叉引用，并将数据分类为主题。
焦点小组数据表明，性别歧视在学术外科领域普遍存在。然而，在访谈中，大多数受访者强烈否认他们的性别对其职业生活有任何影响。这些外科医生试图通过暗示男女外科医生经历的差异是由于个性问题和个人选择，来使自己远离歧视的可能性。然而，他们的叙述突出了深刻的矛盾；他们既肯定又否认性别与他们作为外科医生的经历的相关性。
随着公开的歧视行为在社会中变得越来越不可接受，它不一定会消失，而是会以隐蔽的形式表现出来。通过否认歧视并与歧视保持距离，这些女性揭示了这些问题在外科领域仍然普遍存在的程度。女性外科医生识别和抵制歧视的能力因个人主义、性别平等和性别差异的规范观念的叙述而受到阻碍。
