Alamdari Golnar, Laganà Luciana
Graduate School of Education and Psychology, Pepperdine University, USA.
Department of Psychology, California State University Northridge, USA.
J Geriatr Med Gerontol. 2015;1(2). Epub 2015 Dec 31.
Physical pain is very common in older age and is often accompanied by depressive as well as PTSD symptomatology. Many conceptualizations of the comorbidity of pain with depression and with PTSD exist, but they need to be tested on older adult populations.
This article covers existing literature on the relation between depression and pain in older age, as well as between older adults' PTSD and pain. Additionally, several physiological, cognitive, and behavioral conceptualizations of why depression and PTSD are often related to pain are presented.
The PsychInfo, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant articles by utilizing the following terms in combination with chronic pain (as well as with pain alone): aging, older adults, elderly, depression, depressive, post-traumatic stress, and PTSD. Additionally, Thomson Reuters Web of Science database searches were conducted using the terms "elderly (and older adults) pain depression PTSD." This review includes various articles that conceptualize the pain-depression, pain-PTSD, and pain-depression-PTSD links, yet, due to space limitations, the review is not comprehensive. Several pertinent reviews are referenced throughout the paper for readers interested in obtaining additional information in this area.
Depression and PTSD are comorbidities for pain at any age, and are characterized by several and often complex mechanisms that can exacerbate pain.
The comorbidity of pain and factors such as depression and PTSD in older age should be addressed in more research studies, as few investigations are available in this area on the general population of older individuals. This is particularly the case for non-Caucasian older adults living with chronic pain.
身体疼痛在老年人中非常普遍，并且常常伴有抑郁以及创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）症状。关于疼痛与抑郁以及与PTSD共病的概念有很多，但需要在老年人群体中进行检验。
本文涵盖了关于老年人抑郁与疼痛之间关系以及老年人PTSD与疼痛之间关系的现有文献。此外，还介绍了一些关于抑郁和PTSD为何常常与疼痛相关的生理、认知和行为方面的概念。
通过在PsychInfo、PubMed和谷歌学术数据库中使用以下术语与慢性疼痛（以及单独的疼痛）相结合进行搜索：衰老、老年人、年长老人、抑郁、抑郁的、创伤后应激、PTSD。此外，还使用“年长老人（和老年人）疼痛抑郁PTSD”这些术语在汤森路透科学网数据库中进行搜索。本综述包括各种将疼痛 - 抑郁、疼痛 - PTSD以及疼痛 - 抑郁 - PTSD联系概念化的文章，然而，由于篇幅限制，该综述并不全面。本文通篇引用了几篇相关综述，供有兴趣在该领域获取更多信息的读者参考。
抑郁和PTSD在任何年龄都是疼痛的共病情况，并且其特征是有多种且往往复杂的机制会加剧疼痛。
疼痛与抑郁和PTSD等因素在老年人中的共病情况应在更多研究中得到关注，因为在该领域针对老年普通人群的调查很少。对于患有慢性疼痛的非高加索老年人群体尤其如此。
