Garshnek V
Division of Continuing Education, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20006.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1989 Jul;60(7):695-705.
Building on past experience and knowledge, the Soviet manned space flight effort has become broad, comprehensive, and forward-looking. Their long-running space station program has provided the capabilities to investigate long-term effects of microgravity on human physiology and behavior, and test various countermeasures against microgravity-induced physiological deconditioning. Since the beginning of Soviet manned space flight, the biomedical training and preparation of cosmonauts has evolved from a process that increased human tolerance to space flight factors, to a system of interrelated measures to prepare cosmonauts physically and psychologically to live and work in space. Currently, the Soviet Union is constructing a multimodular space station, the Mir. With the emergence of dedicated laboratory modules, the Soviets have begun the transition from small-scale experimental research to large-scale production activities and specialized scientific work in space. In the future, additional laboratory modules will be added, including one dedicated to biomedical research, called the "Medilab." The longest manned space flight to date (326 d) has been completed by the Soviets. The biomedical effects of previous long-duration flights, and perhaps those of still greater length, may contribute important insight into the possibility of extended missions beyond Earth, such as a voyage to Mars.
基于过去的经验和知识，苏联的载人航天努力变得广泛、全面且具有前瞻性。他们长期运行的空间站计划提供了研究微重力对人体生理和行为的长期影响以及测试针对微重力引起的生理机能衰退的各种应对措施的能力。自苏联载人航天开始以来，宇航员的生物医学训练和准备工作已从提高人类对太空飞行因素的耐受性的过程，演变为一套相互关联的措施体系，旨在让宇航员在身体和心理上为在太空生活和工作做好准备。目前，苏联正在建造一个多模块空间站——和平号空间站。随着专用实验室模块的出现，苏联已开始从小规模实验研究向大规模生产活动以及太空专门科学工作的转变。未来，将增加更多实验室模块，包括一个专门用于生物医学研究的模块，称为“医学实验室”。苏联完成了迄今为止最长的载人航天飞行（326天）。此前长时间飞行以及可能更长时间飞行的生物医学效应，可能会为诸如火星之旅等地球以外的长期任务的可能性提供重要见解。
