Thyroid Function and Cancer Risk: The Rotterdam Study.

CONTEXT

In vitro and in vivo experiments have assigned both oncosuppressive and oncogenic properties to thyroid hormones. Population-based studies have found inconclusive results.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to prospectively assess the relation between thyroid function and incident cancer in a population-based setting.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The current study is a prospective population-based cohort study including 10 318 participants for whom baseline measurements of free T (FT) and/or TSH were available.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess hazard ratios (HRs) of any solid non-skin cancer, as well as lung, breast, prostate, and gastrointestinal cancer specifically.

RESULTS

Higher FT levels were associated with a higher risk of any solid cancer (HR, 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-1.79), lung cancer (HR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.39-3.92) and breast (HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.10-2.84) cancer. The risk estimates were similar after exclusion of thyroid-altering medication, but the association lost significance for breast cancer. Compared with the lowest FT tertile, the highest tertile was associated with a 1.13-fold increased risk of any solid, 1.79-fold increased risk of lung, and 1.14-fold increased risk of breast cancer (P for trend <.05 for all). For TSH levels we found no associations with cancer risk. There was no differential effect of sex or age on the association between thyroid function and cancer risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher FT levels are significantly associated with an increased risk of any solid, lung, and breast cancer. Further research should elucidate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.