Kolbinger Otto, Link Daniel
Chair of Training Science and Sport Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, 80992 Munich, Germany.
Springerplus. 2016 Sep 15;5(1):1572. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-3274-2. eCollection 2016.
More and more sport associations introduce innovative devices to support referees and umpires respectively, affecting a strong need for the evaluation of these devices. This study evaluates the use of the new vanishing spray for free kicks in the German Bundesliga. In more detail, the aim of the study is to investigate if the spray reduces violations of the required minimum distance and consequently the respective punishments, if it reduces errors concerning the distance set by the referee and if it leads to a higher success rate of free kicks.
Therefore, 1833 free kicks of the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 season of the German Bundesliga were screened using a self-designed observational system. For the statistical analysis two parallel samples were built of 299 free kicks each.
The results showed no decrease of free kicks with distance violations but a significantly lower extent of these violations (χ(2) = 4.58; p < .05). However, none of these violations were punished appropriately. Concerning the success of free kicks, no significant impact was found neither for shots nor for crosses. In addition, no influence on the distance set by the referee could be identified.
The main objective of the vanishing spray was basically realized, but the use didn't lead to any further positive (side) effects. Due to the lack of punishment, the authors raise concerns about the current application of the minimum distance rule.
越来越多的体育协会分别引入创新设备来辅助裁判，这使得对这些设备进行评估的需求日益强烈。本研究评估了德国足球甲级联赛中新型任意球消失喷雾的使用情况。更具体地说，该研究的目的是调查这种喷雾是否减少了对所需最小距离的违规行为以及相应的处罚，是否减少了与裁判设定距离有关的错误，以及是否提高了任意球的成功率。
因此，使用自行设计的观测系统筛选了2013/2014赛季和2014/2015赛季德国足球甲级联赛中的1833次任意球。为进行统计分析，构建了两个平行样本，每个样本包含299次任意球。
结果显示，距离违规的任意球数量没有减少，但这些违规行为的程度显著降低（χ(2)=4.58；p<.05）。然而，这些违规行为均未得到适当处罚。关于任意球的成功率，无论是射门还是传中，均未发现显著影响。此外，未发现对裁判设定距离有任何影响。
消失喷雾的主要目标基本实现，但使用并未带来任何进一步的积极（附带）效果。由于缺乏处罚措施，作者对当前最小距离规则的应用表示担忧。
