Zhang Yeqin, Li Danyang, Gómez-Ruano Miguel-Ángel, Memmert Daniel, Li Chunman, Fu Ming
China Football College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
Front Psychol. 2022 Aug 12;13:984367. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.984367. eCollection 2022.
Video assistant referee (VAR) has been implemented in women's football, aiming to improve referees' decision-making, but its impact has not yet been analyzed. This study intended to explore how the VAR affects refereeing decisions at Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Women's World Cup competitions. The sample includes all 52 matches played in the 2015 tournament before VAR was introduced and all 52 matches played in the 2019 competition where VAR was deployed. For each match, data on ten variables were collected: first half playing time, second half playing time, total playing time, penalties, offsides, fouls, goals, corner kicks, yellow cards, and red cards. The match variables were compared before and after VAR implementation using a Mann-Whitney U test, a Bayesian analysis, a generalized linear model, and a non-clinical magnitude-based inference. The results demonstrated that after VAR was introduced, playing time during the first half [ < 0.001, = 547.05, Cohen's = 1.06, 90%CI (0.71, 1.40)], the second half [ < 0.001, = 57.09, Cohen's = 0.91, 90%CI (0.57, 1.25)], and the entire match [ < 0.001, = 1,120.39, Cohen's = 1.33, 90%CI (0.97, 1.69)] increased significantly with moderate to large effect sizes, while the number of penalties, offsides, and fouls did not vary significantly neither did the number of goals, corner kicks, yellow cards, and red cards. This study has practical implications for professionals in terms of a better understanding of VAR's impact on elite women's football.
视频助理裁判（VAR）已在女子足球比赛中实施，旨在改善裁判的判罚决策，但尚未对其影响进行分析。本研究旨在探讨VAR如何影响国际足球联合会（FIFA）女子世界杯比赛中的裁判判罚。样本包括2015年引入VAR之前该赛事中进行的所有52场比赛，以及2019年部署VAR的比赛中的所有52场比赛。对于每场比赛，收集了关于十个变量的数据：上半场比赛时间、下半场比赛时间、总比赛时间、点球、越位、犯规、进球、角球、黄牌和红牌。使用曼-惠特尼U检验、贝叶斯分析、广义线性模型和基于非临床量级的推断，对VAR实施前后的比赛变量进行了比较。结果表明，引入VAR后，上半场比赛时间[<0.001，=547.05，科恩氏=1.06，90%置信区间（0.71，1.40）]、下半场比赛时间[<0.001，=57.09，科恩氏=0.91，90%置信区间（0.57，1.25）]和全场比赛时间[<0.001，=1,120.39，科恩氏=1.33，90%置信区间（0.97，1.69）]显著增加，效应量为中等至较大，而点球、越位和犯规的数量没有显著变化，进球、角球、黄牌和红牌的数量也没有变化。本研究对于专业人士更好地理解VAR对精英女子足球的影响具有实际意义。
