Kok Almar A L, Aartsen Marja J, Deeg Dorly J H, Huisman Martijn
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2017 Mar 1;72(2):268-278. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbw111.
Building on social stress theory, this study has 2 aims. First, we aim to estimate the effects of stressful life events in childhood and adulthood on Successful Aging (SA). Second, we examine how unequal exposure to such life events between individuals with different socioeconomic position (SEP) contributes to socioeconomic inequalities in SA.
We used 16-year longitudinal data from 2,185 respondents aged 55-85 years in 1992 in the Dutch nationally representative Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Measurement of SA was based on earlier work, in which we integrated trajectories in 9 indicators of functioning into an index of SA. Using path analysis, we investigated direct and indirect effects of parental and adulthood SEP as well as of self-reported childhood and adulthood life events on SA.
Almost all included life events had negative direct effects on SA. Parental SEP had no direct effect on SA, whereas adulthood SEP had. Higher Parental SEP increased the likelihood of parental problems and parental death in childhood, resulting in negative indirect effects on SA. Higher adulthood SEP had both positive and negative indirect effects on SA, through increasing the likelihood of divorce and unemployment, but decreasing the likelihood of occupational disability.
SEP and particular stressful life events are largely, but not entirely independent predictors of SA. We found that high and low SEP may increase exposure to particular events that negatively affect SA. Findings suggest that low (childhood) SEP and stressful life events are interrelated factors that may limit individual opportunities to age successfully.
基于社会压力理论，本研究有两个目标。其一，我们旨在评估童年期和成年期的应激性生活事件对成功老龄化（SA）的影响。其二，我们考察不同社会经济地位（SEP）的个体在接触此类生活事件方面的不平等如何导致成功老龄化方面的社会经济不平等。
我们使用了来自1992年荷兰具有全国代表性的阿姆斯特丹纵向老龄化研究中2185名年龄在55 - 85岁之间的受访者的16年纵向数据。成功老龄化的测量基于早期的研究工作，在该研究中我们将9项功能指标的轨迹整合为一个成功老龄化指数。通过路径分析，我们研究了父母和成年期SEP以及自我报告的童年和成年期生活事件对成功老龄化的直接和间接影响。
几乎所有纳入的生活事件对成功老龄化都有负面直接影响。父母的社会经济地位对成功老龄化没有直接影响，而成年期的社会经济地位有直接影响。较高的父母社会经济地位增加了童年期父母问题和父母死亡的可能性，从而对成功老龄化产生负面间接影响。较高的成年期社会经济地位对成功老龄化既有正面间接影响也有负面间接影响，正面影响是通过增加离婚和失业的可能性，负面影响是通过降低职业残疾的可能性。
社会经济地位和特定的应激性生活事件在很大程度上但并非完全是成功老龄化的独立预测因素。我们发现高社会经济地位和低社会经济地位可能会增加接触对成功老龄化有负面影响的特定事件的机会。研究结果表明，低（童年期）社会经济地位和应激性生活事件是相互关联的因素，可能会限制个体成功老龄化的机会。
