Turner Ryan D R, Warne Michael St J, Dawes Les A, Vardy Suzanne, Will Geoffrey D
Water Quality and Investigations, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Sciences, Science Division, The State of Queensland, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia; School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.
Water Quality and Investigations, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Sciences, Science Division, The State of Queensland, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia; National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, University of Queensland, Robertson, Queensland, Australia; Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, University, Coventry, United Kingdom.
J Environ Manage. 2016 Dec 1;183(Pt 3):806-817. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.021. Epub 2016 Sep 19.
Increased water demands in dry countries such as Australia, have led to increased adoption of various water reuse practices. Irrigation of greywater (all water discharged from the bathrooms, laundry and kitchen apart from toilet waste) is seen as a potential means of easing water demands; however, there is limited knowledge of how greywater irrigation impacts terrestrial and aquatic environments. This study compared four greywater irrigated residential lots to adjacent non-irrigated lots that acted as controls. Accumulation and potential impacts of metals in soil, groundwater and surface water, as a result of greywater irrigation, were assessed by comparing measured concentrations to national and international guidelines. Greywater increased concentrations of some metals in irrigated soil and resulted in As, B, Cr and Cu exceeding guidelines after only four years of irrigation. Movement of metals from the irrigation areas resulted in metal concentrations in groundwater (Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn) and surface water (Cu, Fe and Zn) exceeding environmental quality guidelines again within four years. These results are unlikely to be universally applicable but indicate the need to consider metals in greywater in order to minimize potential adverse environmental effects from greywater irrigation.
在澳大利亚等干旱国家，用水需求不断增加，这导致各种水再利用做法的采用率有所提高。中水（除厕所废水外，从浴室、洗衣房和厨房排出的所有水）灌溉被视为缓解用水需求的一种潜在手段；然而，对于中水灌溉如何影响陆地和水生环境，人们了解有限。本研究将四个使用中水灌溉的住宅地块与相邻作为对照的非灌溉地块进行了比较。通过将测量浓度与国家和国际准则进行比较，评估了中水灌溉导致的土壤、地下水和地表水中金属的积累及潜在影响。中水使灌溉土壤中某些金属的浓度增加，仅灌溉四年后，砷、硼、铬和铜就超过了准则。金属从灌溉区域的迁移导致地下水中（铝、砷、铬、铜、铁、锰、镍和锌）和地表水中（铜、铁和锌）的金属浓度在四年内再次超过环境质量准则。这些结果不太可能普遍适用，但表明需要考虑中水中的金属，以尽量减少中水灌溉可能产生的不利环境影响。
