Sheikhi Abdolkarim, Jafarzadeh Abdollah, Kokhaei Parviz, Hojjat-Farsangi Mohammad
Department of Immunology, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran.
Iran J Immunol. 2016 Sep;13(3):148-66.
Cancer immunotherapy (passive or active) involves treatments which promote the ability of the immune system to fight tumor cells. Several types of immunotherapeutic agents, such as monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, non-specific immunomodulatory agents, and cancer vaccines are currently under intensive investigation in preclinical and clinical trials. Cancer vaccines induce permanent activation of the immune system and may be considered the most promising method for cancer treatment, especially in combination with other agents of passive immunotherapy. Among various approaches to cancer vaccines, whole tumor cell vaccines have been attracting attention for several years. Despite their low to moderate clinical effects, these vaccines have numerous advantages. Their ability to generate immune responses against tumor-associated antigens reduces the possibility for tumor cells to escape and facilitates the development of "off-the-shelf" allogeneic tumor vaccines. Understanding the reciprocal interactions between tumor cells and leukocytes is a key to harness the full potential of whole cell vaccination. Cytokines are considered as potent immunomodulatory molecules which behave as adjuvants in whole tumor cell vaccines. Improved mechanistic understanding of key cytokines in tumor immunity will serve as a resource for rational design of whole cell cancer vaccines. Although there are several reports about the use of different immunostimulatory cytokines as adjuvants, interleukin (IL)-12 appears to have superior effects compared to other cytokines. This review describes the effects of IL-12 compared to other immunomodulatory cytokines, such as IL-2 and IL-15, and highlights its application in whole cell tumor vaccination.
癌症免疫疗法（被动或主动）涉及促进免疫系统对抗肿瘤细胞能力的治疗方法。几种类型的免疫治疗药物，如单克隆抗体、免疫检查点抑制剂、非特异性免疫调节剂和癌症疫苗，目前正在临床前和临床试验中进行深入研究。癌症疫苗可诱导免疫系统的永久激活，可能被认为是最有前途的癌症治疗方法，尤其是与其他被动免疫治疗药物联合使用时。在各种癌症疫苗方法中，全肿瘤细胞疫苗多年来一直备受关注。尽管其临床效果较低至中等，但这些疫苗有许多优点。它们产生针对肿瘤相关抗原的免疫反应的能力降低了肿瘤细胞逃脱的可能性，并促进了“现成”同种异体肿瘤疫苗的开发。了解肿瘤细胞与白细胞之间的相互作用是充分发挥全细胞疫苗潜力的关键。细胞因子被认为是强效的免疫调节分子，在全肿瘤细胞疫苗中起佐剂作用。对肿瘤免疫中关键细胞因子的机制理解的改善将为全细胞癌症疫苗的合理设计提供资源。尽管有几篇关于使用不同免疫刺激细胞因子作为佐剂的报道，但白细胞介素（IL）-12与其他细胞因子相比似乎具有更优越的效果。这篇综述描述了IL-12与其他免疫调节细胞因子（如IL-2和IL-15）相比的效果，并强调了其在全细胞肿瘤疫苗接种中的应用。
