Getz Wayne M
Dept. Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA,
Nat Resour Model. 2012 Feb;25(1):93-121. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-7445.2011.00101.x.
The dominant differential equation paradigm for modeling the population dynamics of species interacting in the framework of a food web retains at its core the basic prey-predator and competition models formulation by Alfred J. Lotka (1880-1945) and Vito Volterra (1860-1940) nearly nine decades ago. This paradigm lacks a trophic-level-independent formulation of population growth leading to ambiguities in how to treat populations that are simultaneously both prey and predator. Also, this paradigm does not fundamentally include inertial (i.e. change resisting) processes needed to account for the response of populations to fluctuating resource environments. Here I present an approach that corrects both these deficits and provides a unified framework for accounting for biomass transformation in food webs that include both live and dead components of all species in the system. This biomass transformation formulation (BTW) allows for a unified treatment of webs that include consumers of both live and dead material-both carnivores and carcasivores, herbivores and detritivores-and incorporates scavengers, parasites, and other neglected food web consumption categories in a coherent manner. I trace how BTW is an outgrowth of the metaphysiological growth modeling paradigm and I provide a general compact formulation of BTW in terms of a three-variable differential equation formulation for each species in the food web: viz. live biomass, dead biomass, and a food-intake-related measure called deficit-stress. I then illustrate the application of this new paradigm to provide insights into two-species competition in variable environments and discuss application of BTW to food webs that incorporate parasites and pathogens.
用于在食物网框架内对相互作用的物种种群动态进行建模的主要微分方程范式，其核心保留了近九十年前阿尔弗雷德·J·洛特卡（1880 - 1945）和维托·沃尔泰拉（1860 - 1940）提出的基本捕食 - 猎物和竞争模型公式。这种范式缺乏种群增长的营养级无关公式，导致在如何处理同时既是猎物又是捕食者的种群方面存在模糊性。此外，这种范式从根本上没有包括解释种群对波动资源环境响应所需的惯性（即抗变化）过程。在此，我提出一种方法，该方法纠正了这两个缺陷，并为解释食物网中的生物量转化提供了一个统一框架，该食物网包括系统中所有物种的活的和死的成分。这种生物量转化公式（BTW）允许对包括活物质和死物质消费者（食肉动物和食腐动物、食草动物和食碎屑动物）的食物网进行统一处理，并以连贯的方式纳入清道夫、寄生虫和其他被忽视的食物网消费类别。我追溯了BTW是如何从代谢生理增长建模范式发展而来的，并根据食物网中每个物种的一个三变量微分方程公式，即活生物量、死生物量和一个称为亏缺压力（与食物摄入相关的度量），给出了BTW的一般简洁公式。然后，我说明了这种新范式在洞察可变环境中的两物种竞争方面的应用，并讨论了BTW在包含寄生虫和病原体的食物网中的应用。
