Alhaj Moataz
Campaign for Control of RVF Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Gizan City, Saudi Arabia.
J Immunol Res. 2016;2016:7346294. doi: 10.1155/2016/7346294. Epub 2016 Sep 4.
Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is an infectious illness with serious clinical manifestations and health consequences in humans as well as a wide range of domestic ruminants. This review provides significant information about the prevention options of RVF along with the safety-efficacy profile of commercial vaccines and some of RVF vaccination strategies. Information presented in this paper was obtained through a systematic investigation of published data about RVF vaccines. Like other viral diseases, the prevention of RVF relies heavily on immunization of susceptible herds with safe and cost-effective vaccine that is able to confer long-term protective immunity. Several strains of RVF vaccines have been developed and are available in commercial production including Formalin-Inactivated vaccine, live attenuated Smithburn vaccine, and the most recent Clone13. Although Formalin-Inactivated vaccine and live attenuated Smithburn vaccine are immunogenic and widely used in prevention programs, they proved to be accompanied by significant concerns. Despite Clone13 vaccine being suggested as safe in pregnant ewes and as highly immunogenic along with its potential for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), a recent study raised concerns about the safety of the vaccine during the first trimester of gestation. Accordingly, RVF vaccines that are currently available in the market to a significant extent do not fulfill the requirements of safety, potency, and DIVA. These adverse effects stressed the need for developing new vaccines with an excellent safety profile to bridge the gap in safety and immunity. Bringing RVF vaccine candidates to local markets besides the absence of validated serological test for DIVA remain the major challenges of RVF control.
裂谷热（RVF）是一种在人类以及多种家养反刍动物中具有严重临床表现和健康后果的传染病。本综述提供了有关裂谷热预防选项的重要信息，以及商业疫苗的安全性-有效性概况和一些裂谷热疫苗接种策略。本文所呈现的信息是通过对已发表的有关裂谷热疫苗数据的系统调查获得的。与其他病毒性疾病一样，裂谷热的预防在很大程度上依赖于用能够提供长期保护性免疫的安全且具成本效益的疫苗对易感畜群进行免疫接种。已经开发出了几种裂谷热疫苗毒株并投入商业生产，包括福尔马林灭活疫苗、减毒活疫苗史密斯堡株，以及最新的克隆13株。尽管福尔马林灭活疫苗和减毒活疫苗史密斯堡株具有免疫原性且在预防计划中广泛使用，但它们被证明存在重大问题。尽管克隆13疫苗被认为对怀孕母羊安全且具有高度免疫原性，同时具有区分感染动物和接种动物（DIVA）的潜力，但最近的一项研究对该疫苗在妊娠头三个月期间的安全性提出了担忧。因此，目前市场上现有的裂谷热疫苗在很大程度上不符合安全性、效力和DIVA的要求。这些不良反应凸显了开发具有卓越安全性的新疫苗以弥合安全性和免疫性差距的必要性。将裂谷热候选疫苗推向当地市场以及缺乏针对DIVA的经过验证的血清学检测仍然是裂谷热防控的主要挑战。
