Kitandwe Paul Kato, McKay Paul F, Kaleebu Pontiano, Shattock Robin J
MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe 31410, Uganda.
Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Oct 25;10(11):1794. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10111794.
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis that causes high fetal and neonatal mortality in ruminants and a mild to fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans. There are no licensed RVF vaccines for human use while for livestock, commercially available vaccines are all either live attenuated or inactivated and have undesirable characteristics. The live attenuated RVF vaccines are associated with teratogenicity and residual virulence in ruminants while the inactivated ones require multiple immunisations to induce and maintain protective immunity. Additionally, nearly all licensed RVF vaccines lack the differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) property making them inappropriate for use in RVF nonendemic countries. To address these limitations, novel DIVA-compatible RVF vaccines with better safety and efficacy than the licensed ones are being developed, aided fundamentally by a better understanding of the molecular biology of the RVF virus and advancements in recombinant DNA technology. For some of these candidate RVF vaccines, sterilizing immunity has been demonstrated in the discovery/feasibility phase with minimal adverse effects. This review highlights the progress made to date in RVF vaccine research and development and discusses the outstanding research gaps.
裂谷热（RVF）是一种由蚊子传播的病毒性人畜共患病，可导致反刍动物的胎儿和新生儿高死亡率，以及人类的轻度至致命性出血热。目前尚无用于人类的许可裂谷热疫苗，而对于家畜，市售疫苗均为减毒活疫苗或灭活疫苗，且具有不良特性。减毒活裂谷热疫苗与反刍动物的致畸性和残余毒力有关，而灭活疫苗则需要多次免疫才能诱导和维持保护性免疫。此外，几乎所有许可的裂谷热疫苗都缺乏区分感染动物和接种动物（DIVA）的特性，这使得它们不适用于裂谷热非流行国家。为了解决这些局限性，正在开发新型的与DIVA兼容的裂谷热疫苗，其安全性和有效性优于许可疫苗，这在很大程度上得益于对裂谷热病毒分子生物学的更好理解和重组DNA技术的进步。对于其中一些候选裂谷热疫苗，在发现/可行性阶段已证明具有绝育免疫，且不良反应最小。本综述强调了裂谷热疫苗研发迄今取得的进展，并讨论了突出的研究差距。
