Singhai Amrita, Habib Gazala, Raman Ramya Sunder, Gupta Tarun
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, India.
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Jan;24(1):445-462. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7708-8. Epub 2016 Oct 10.
Fine aerosol fraction (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <= 1.0 μm (PM)) over the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi campus was monitored day and night (10 h each) at 30 m height from November 2009 to March 2010. The samples were analyzed for 5 ions (NH, NO, SO, F, and Cl) and 12 trace elements (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Ni). Importantly, secondary aerosol (sulfate and nitrate) formation was observed during dense foggy events, supporting the fog-smog-fog cycle. A total of 76 samples were used for source apportionment of PM mass. Six factors were resolved by PMF analyses and were identified as secondary aerosol, secondary chloride, biomass burning, soil dust, iron-rich source, and vehicular emission. The geographical location of the sources and/or preferred transport pathways was identified by conditional probability function (for local sources) and potential source contribution function (for regional sources) analyses. Medium- and small-scale metal processing (e.g. steel sheet rolling) industries in Haryana and National Capital Region (NCR) Delhi, coke and petroleum refining in Punjab, and thermal power plants in Pakistan, Punjab, and NCR Delhi were likely contributors to secondary sulfate, nitrate, and secondary chloride at the receptor site. The agricultural residue burning after harvesting season (Sept-Dec and Feb-Apr) in Punjab, and Haryana contributed to potassium at receptor site during November-December and March 2010. The soil dust from North and East Pakistan, and Rajasthan, North-East Punjab, and Haryana along with the local dust contributed to soil dust at the receptor site, during February and March 2010. A combination of temporal behavior and air parcel trajectory ensemble analyses indicated that the iron-rich source was most likely a local source attributed to emissions from metal processing facilities. Further, as expected, the vehicular emissions source did not show any seasonality and was local in origin.
2009年11月至2010年3月，在德里印度理工学院校园上空30米高度处，对细气溶胶组分（空气动力学直径≤1.0微米的颗粒物（PM））进行了昼夜监测（各10小时）。对样本分析了5种离子（NH、NO、SO、F和Cl）和12种微量元素（Na、K、Mg、Ca、Pb、Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu、Cd、Cr和Ni）。重要的是，在浓雾事件期间观察到了二次气溶胶（硫酸盐和硝酸盐）的形成，这支持了雾-霾-雾循环。总共76个样本用于PM质量的源解析。通过PMF分析解析出六个因子，分别确定为二次气溶胶、二次氯化物、生物质燃烧、土壤扬尘、富铁源和车辆排放。通过条件概率函数（用于本地源）和潜在源贡献函数（用于区域源）分析确定了源的地理位置和/或首选传输路径。哈里亚纳邦和德里国家首都辖区（NCR）的中小型金属加工（如钢板轧制）行业、旁遮普邦的焦炭和石油精炼以及巴基斯坦、旁遮普邦和德里NCR的热电厂可能是受体站点二次硫酸盐、硝酸盐和二次氯化物的来源。旁遮普邦和哈里亚纳邦收获季节（9月至12月和2月至4月）后的农业秸秆焚烧在2010年11月至12月和3月期间导致受体站点的钾含量升高。2010年2月和3月，来自巴基斯坦北部和东部、拉贾斯坦邦、旁遮普邦东北部和哈里亚纳邦以及本地扬尘的土壤扬尘导致受体站点的土壤扬尘。时间行为和空气团轨迹集合分析的结合表明，富铁源很可能是归因于金属加工设施排放的本地源。此外，正如预期的那样，车辆排放源没有表现出任何季节性，且来源地为本地。
