Jain Srishti, Sharma Sudhir Kumar, Choudhary Nikki, Masiwal Renu, Saxena Mohit, Sharma Ashima, Mandal Tuhin Kumar, Gupta Anshu, Gupta Naresh Chandra, Sharma Chhemendra
Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Physical Laboratory campus, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Jun;24(17):14637-14656. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-8925-5. Epub 2017 Apr 28.
The present study investigated the comprehensive chemical composition [organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble inorganic ionic components (WSICs), and major & trace elements] of particulate matter (PM) and scrutinized their emission sources for urban region of Delhi. The 135 PM samples were collected from January 2013 to December 2014 and analyzed for chemical constituents for source apportionment study. The average concentration of PM was recorded as 121.9 ± 93.2 μg m (range 25.1-429.8 μg m), whereas the total concentration of trace elements (Na, Ca, Mg, Al, S, Cl, K, Cr, Si, Ti, As, Br, Pb, Fe, Zn, and Mn) was accounted for ∼17% of PM. Strong seasonal variation was observed in PM mass concentration and its chemical composition with maxima during winter and minima during monsoon seasons. The chemical composition of the PM was reconstructed using IMPROVE equation, which was observed to be in good agreement with the gravimetric mass. Source apportionment of PM was carried out using the following three different receptor models: principal component analysis with absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS), which identified five major sources; UNMIX which identified four major sources; and positive matrix factorization (PMF), which explored seven major sources. The applied models were able to identify the major sources contributing to the PM and re-confirmed that secondary aerosols (SAs), soil/road dust (SD), vehicular emissions (VEs), biomass burning (BB), fossil fuel combustion (FFC), and industrial emission (IE) were dominant contributors to PM in Delhi. The influences of local and regional sources were also explored using 5-day backward air mass trajectory analysis, cluster analysis, and potential source contribution function (PSCF). Cluster and PSCF results indicated that local as well as long-transported PM from the north-west India and Pakistan were mostly pertinent.
本研究调查了德里市区颗粒物（PM）的综合化学成分[有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）、水溶性无机离子成分（WSICs）以及主要和微量元素]，并详细审查了其排放源。在2013年1月至2014年12月期间收集了135个PM样本，并对其化学成分进行分析以进行源解析研究。PM的平均浓度记录为121.9±93.2μg/m³（范围为25.1 - 429.8μg/m³），而微量元素（Na、Ca、Mg、Al、S、Cl、K、Cr、Si、Ti、As、Br、Pb、Fe、Zn和Mn）的总浓度约占PM的17%。观察到PM质量浓度及其化学成分存在强烈的季节变化，冬季最高，季风季节最低。使用IMPROVE方程重建了PM的化学成分，发现其与重量法质量高度吻合。使用以下三种不同的受体模型对PM进行源解析：具有绝对主成分得分的主成分分析（PCA/APCS），该模型确定了五个主要来源；UNMIX模型确定了四个主要来源；正矩阵因子分解（PMF）模型探索出七个主要来源。所应用的模型能够识别对PM有贡献的主要来源，并再次证实二次气溶胶（SAs）、土壤/道路扬尘（SD）、车辆排放（VEs）、生物质燃烧（BB）、化石燃料燃烧（FFC）和工业排放（IE）是德里PM的主要贡献源。还使用5天反向气团轨迹分析、聚类分析和潜在源贡献函数（PSCF）探索了本地和区域来源的影响。聚类和PSCF结果表明，本地以及来自印度西北部和巴基斯坦的长距离传输的PM最为相关。
