Sokal R R, Oden N L, Legendre P, Fortin M J, Kim J Y, Vaudor A
Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-5245.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 1989 Aug;79(4):489-502. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330790406.
We investigated whether 59 allele frequencies and 10 cranial variables differed among speakers of the 12 modern language families in Europe. Although this is a classical analysis of variance design, special techniques had to be developed for the analysis because of spatial autocorrelation of both biological and language data. The method examines pooled sums of squares within language families. These are compared with the same quantities obtained by randomly partitioning the available data points in Europe into internally cohesive subsets representing the same sample sizes for each language family as in the originally observed data. Our results suggest that for numerous genetic systems, population samples differ more among language families than they do within families. These findings are considered in relation to two contrasting models: a model of random spatial differentiation of gene frequencies unrelated to language and a model of aboriginal genetic differences among speakers of different language groups. Our observed findings suggest partial validity of both models.
我们研究了欧洲12个现代语系使用者的59个等位基因频率和10个颅骨变量是否存在差异。尽管这是一个经典的方差分析设计，但由于生物数据和语言数据的空间自相关性，必须开发特殊技术进行分析。该方法检查语系内的合并平方和。将这些与通过随机将欧洲现有的数据点划分为内部凝聚的子集而获得的相同数量进行比较，这些子集代表每个语系与原始观测数据中相同的样本量。我们的结果表明，对于众多遗传系统，群体样本在语系之间的差异大于在语系内部的差异。这些发现与两个对比模型相关：一个是与语言无关的基因频率随机空间分化模型，另一个是不同语言群体使用者之间的原始遗传差异模型。我们观察到的结果表明这两个模型都有部分有效性。
