印欧人的起源：基因证据

Origins of the Indo-Europeans: genetic evidence.

作者信息

Sokal R R, Oden N L, Thomson B A

机构信息

Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-5245.

出版信息

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89(16):7669-73. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.16.7669.

DOI:10.1073/pnas.89.16.7669

PMID:1502181

原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC49772/

Abstract

Two theories of the origins of the Indo-Europeans currently compete. M. Gimbutas believes that early Indo-Europeans entered southeastern Europe from the Pontic Steppes starting ca. 4500 B.C. and spread from there. C. Renfrew equates early Indo-Europeans with early farmers who entered southeastern Europe from Asia Minor ca. 7000 BC and spread through the continent. We tested genetic distance matrices for each of 25 systems in numerous Indo-European-speaking samples from Europe. To match each of these matrices, we created other distance matrices representing geography, language, time since origin of agriculture, Gimbutas' model, and Renfrew's model. The correlation between genetics and language is significant. Geography, when held constant, produces a markedly lower, yet still highly significant partial correlation between genetics and language, showing that more remains to be explained. However, none of the remaining three distances--time since origin of agriculture, Gimbutas' model, or Renfrew's model--reduces the partial correlation further. Thus, neither of the two theories appears able to explain the origin of the Indo-Europeans as gauged by the genetics-language correlation.

摘要

目前有两种关于印欧人起源的理论相互竞争。M. 金布塔斯认为，早期印欧人大约在公元前4500年从黑海北岸草原进入东南欧，并从那里扩散开来。C. 伦弗鲁则将早期印欧人与大约公元前7000年从小亚细亚进入东南欧并在整个大陆传播的早期农民等同起来。我们在来自欧洲的众多说印欧语的样本中，对25个系统中的每一个进行了遗传距离矩阵测试。为了匹配这些矩阵中的每一个，我们创建了其他代表地理、语言、农业起源时间、金布塔斯模型和伦弗鲁模型的距离矩阵。遗传学与语言之间的相关性是显著的。当地理因素保持不变时，遗传学与语言之间的偏相关性显著降低，但仍然很高，这表明仍有更多有待解释的地方。然而，其余三个距离因素——农业起源时间、金布塔斯模型或伦弗鲁模型——都没有进一步降低偏相关性。因此，就遗传学与语言的相关性而言，这两种理论似乎都无法解释印欧人的起源。