Jakucs János, Bánffy Eszter, Oross Krisztián, Voicsek Vanda, Bronk Ramsey Christopher, Dunbar Elaine, Kromer Bernd, Bayliss Alex, Hofmann Daniela, Marshall Peter, Whittle Alasdair
Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Úri utca 49, 1014 Budapest, Hungary.
Römisch-Germanische Kommission, Palmengartenstraße 10-12, 60325 Frankfurt a. M., Germany.
J World Prehist. 2016;29(3):267-336. doi: 10.1007/s10963-016-9096-x. Epub 2016 Sep 8.
Perhaps nowhere in European prehistory does the idea of clearly-defined cultural boundaries remain more current than in the initial Neolithic, where the southeast-northwest trend of the spread of farming crosses what is perceived as a sharp divide between the Balkans and central Europe. This corresponds to a distinction between the Vinča culture package, named for a classic site in Serbia, with its characteristic pottery assemblage and absence of longhouses, and the (LBK), with equally diagnostic but different pottery, and its apparently culturally-diagnostic longhouses, extending in a more northerly belt through central Europe westward to the Dutch coast. In this paper we question the concept of such a clear division through a presentation of new data from the site of Szederkény-Kukorica-dűlő. A large settlement in southeast Transdanubia, Hungary, excavated in advance of road construction, Szederkény is notable for its combination of pottery styles, variously including Vinča A, Ražište and LBK, and longhouses of a kind otherwise familiar from the LBK world. Formal modelling of its date establishes that the site probably began in the later 54th century cal BC, lasting until the first decades of the 52nd century cal BC. Occupation, featuring longhouses, pits and graves, probably began at the same time in the eastern and western parts of the settlement, starting a decade or two later in the central part; the western part was probably the last to be abandoned. Vinča pottery is predominantly associated with the eastern and central parts of the site, and Ražište pottery with the west. Formal modelling of the early history of longhouses in the LBK world suggests their emergence in the Formative LBK of Transdanubia c. 5500 cal BC followed by rapid dispersal in the middle of the 54th century cal BC, associated with the 'earliest' () LBK. The adoption of longhouses at Szederkény thus appears to come a few generations after the start of this 'diaspora'. Rather than explaining the mixture of things, practices and perhaps people at Szederkény with reference to problematic notions such as hybridity, we propose instead a more fluid and varied vocabulary, encompassing combination and amalgamation, relationships and performance in the flow of social life, and networks; this makes greater allowance for diversity and interleaving in a context of rapid change.
在欧洲史前史中，或许没有哪个时期比新石器时代初期更流行文化界限清晰分明这一观念了。当时，农业传播呈现出的东南-西北走向跨越了人们所认为的巴尔干半岛与中欧之间的明显分界线。这与以塞尔维亚一处典型遗址命名的温查文化组合形成了区别，温查文化有其独特的陶器组合且没有长屋；与之相对的是线性陶文化（LBK），它有着同样具有诊断意义但不同的陶器，还有明显具有文化标识性的长屋，在更偏北的地带从中欧向西延伸至荷兰海岸。在本文中，我们通过展示来自塞德凯尼-库科里察-杜洛遗址的新数据，对这种清晰划分的概念提出质疑。塞德凯尼是匈牙利多瑙河以南地区东南部的一个大型聚落，在道路建设之前进行了发掘，它以其陶器风格的组合而闻名，这些风格包括温查A、拉日什泰以及线性陶文化，还有一些在其他地方线性陶文化区域常见的长屋。对其年代的正式建模确定该遗址可能始于公元前54世纪后期，一直持续到公元前52世纪的头几十年。该聚落的居住活动，以长屋、坑和墓葬为特征，可能在聚落的东部和西部同时开始，中部则晚一二十年开始；西部可能是最后被遗弃的。温查陶器主要与遗址的东部和中部相关联，拉日什泰陶器则与西部相关联。对线性陶文化区域长屋早期历史的正式建模表明，它们大约在公元前5500年出现在多瑙河以南地区的形成期线性陶文化中，随后在公元前54世纪中叶迅速传播，与“最早出现的”（某种）线性陶文化相关联。因此，塞德凯尼对长屋的采用似乎是在这种“传播”开始几代人之后。我们并非用诸如杂交性等有问题的概念来解释塞德凯尼事物、习俗乃至人群的混合现象，而是提出一个更灵活多样的词汇表，涵盖社会生活流动中的组合与融合、关系与表现以及网络；这在快速变化的背景下更能包容多样性和交织现象。
