Kılınç Gülşah Merve, Omrak Ayça, Özer Füsun, Günther Torsten, Büyükkarakaya Ali Metin, Bıçakçı Erhan, Baird Douglas, Dönertaş Handan Melike, Ghalichi Ayshin, Yaka Reyhan, Koptekin Dilek, Açan Sinan Can, Parvizi Poorya, Krzewińska Maja, Daskalaki Evangelia A, Yüncü Eren, Dağtaş Nihan Dilşad, Fairbairn Andrew, Pearson Jessica, Mustafaoğlu Gökhan, Erdal Yılmaz Selim, Çakan Yasin Gökhan, Togan İnci, Somel Mehmet, Storå Jan, Jakobsson Mattias, Götherström Anders
Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18C, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Lilla Frescativaegen 7, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden.
Curr Biol. 2016 Oct 10;26(19):2659-2666. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.057. Epub 2016 Aug 4.
The archaeological documentation of the development of sedentary farming societies in Anatolia is not yet mirrored by a genetic understanding of the human populations involved, in contrast to the spread of farming in Europe [1-3]. Sedentary farming communities emerged in parts of the Fertile Crescent during the tenth millennium and early ninth millennium calibrated (cal) BC and had appeared in central Anatolia by 8300 cal BC [4]. Farming spread into west Anatolia by the early seventh millennium cal BC and quasi-synchronously into Europe, although the timing and process of this movement remain unclear. Using genome sequence data that we generated from nine central Anatolian Neolithic individuals, we studied the transition period from early Aceramic (Pre-Pottery) to the later Pottery Neolithic, when farming expanded west of the Fertile Crescent. We find that genetic diversity in the earliest farmers was conspicuously low, on a par with European foraging groups. With the advent of the Pottery Neolithic, genetic variation within societies reached levels later found in early European farmers. Our results confirm that the earliest Neolithic central Anatolians belonged to the same gene pool as the first Neolithic migrants spreading into Europe. Further, genetic affinities between later Anatolian farmers and fourth to third millennium BC Chalcolithic south Europeans suggest an additional wave of Anatolian migrants, after the initial Neolithic spread but before the Yamnaya-related migrations. We propose that the earliest farming societies demographically resembled foragers and that only after regional gene flow and rising heterogeneity did the farming population expansions into Europe occur.
与欧洲农业的传播情况不同，安纳托利亚定居农业社会发展的考古记录尚未在对相关人类群体的基因理解中得到反映[1 - 3]。定居农业社区在公元前10000年至公元前9000年初校准（cal）的新月沃地部分地区出现，并在公元前8300年cal之前出现在安纳托利亚中部[4]。农业在公元前7000年初cal传播到安纳托利亚西部，并几乎同时传播到欧洲，尽管这一传播的时间和过程仍不清楚。利用我们从九个安纳托利亚中部新石器时代个体生成的基因组序列数据，我们研究了从早期无陶（前陶器）到后期有陶新石器时代的过渡时期，当时农业在新月沃地以西扩张。我们发现最早的农民的基因多样性明显较低，与欧洲觅食群体相当。随着有陶新石器时代的到来，社会内部的基因变异达到了后来在早期欧洲农民中发现的水平。我们的结果证实，最早的新石器时代安纳托利亚中部人与最早传播到欧洲的新石器时代移民属于同一个基因库。此外，后来的安纳托利亚农民与公元前4至3千年铜石并用时代的南欧人之间的基因亲缘关系表明，在新石器时代最初传播之后但在与颜那亚相关的迁徙之前，还有一波安纳托利亚移民。我们提出，最早的农业社会在人口统计学上类似于觅食者，并且只有在区域基因流动和异质性增加之后，农业人口才向欧洲扩张。
