Shearer David A, Sparkes William, Northeast Jonny, Cunningham Daniel J, Cook Christian J, Kilduff Liam P
School of Psychology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, United Kingdom; Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Sport Wales, United Kingdom.
A-STEM, College of Engineering, Swansea University, United Kingdom; Swansea City Football Club, Liberty Stadium, United Kingdom.
J Sci Med Sport. 2017 May;20(5):512-517. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.09.012. Epub 2016 Oct 5.
Biochemical (e.g. creatine kinase (CK)) and neuromuscular (e.g. peak power output (PPO)) markers of recovery are expensive and require specialist equipment. Perceptual measures are an effective alternative, yet most validated scales are too long for daily use.
This study utilises a longitudinal multi-level design to test an adapted Brief Assessment of Mood (BAM+), with four extra items and a 100mm visual analogue scale to measure recovery.
Elite under-21 academy soccer players (N=11) were monitored across five games with data (BAM+, CK and PPO) collected for each game at 24h pre, 24h and 48h post-match. Match activity data for each participant was also collected using GPS monitors on players.
BAM+, CK and PPO had significant (p<.05) linear and quadratic growth curves across time and games that matched the known time reports of fatigue and recovery. Multi-level linear modelling (MLM) with random intercepts for 'participant' and 'game' indicated only CK significantly contributed to the variance of BAM+ scores (p<.05). Significant correlations (p<.01) were found between changes in BAM+ scores from baseline at 24 and 48h post-match for total distance covered per minute, high intensity distance covered per minute, and total number of sprints per minute.
Visual and inferential results indicate that the BAM+ appears effective for monitoring longitudinal recovery cycles in elite level athletes. Future research is needed to confirm both the scales reliability and validity.
恢复的生化指标（如肌酸激酶（CK））和神经肌肉指标（如峰值功率输出（PPO））检测成本高昂，且需要专业设备。感知测量是一种有效的替代方法，但大多数经过验证的量表过长，不适合日常使用。
本研究采用纵向多层次设计，以测试经过改编的简短情绪评估量表（BAM+），该量表增加了四个项目，并采用100毫米视觉模拟量表来测量恢复情况。
对11名21岁以下的精英学院足球运动员在五场比赛中进行监测，在每场比赛赛前24小时、赛后24小时和48小时收集数据（BAM+、CK和PPO）。还使用球员身上的GPS监测器收集了每位参与者的比赛活动数据。
BAM+、CK和PPO在不同时间和比赛中具有显著（p<0.05）的线性和二次增长曲线，与已知的疲劳和恢复时间报告相符。对“参与者”和“比赛”采用随机截距的多层次线性建模（MLM）表明，只有CK对BAM+分数的方差有显著贡献（p<0.05）。在赛后24小时和48小时，BAM+分数相对于基线的变化与每分钟总跑动距离、每分钟高强度跑动距离以及每分钟冲刺总次数之间存在显著相关性（p<0.01）。
直观和推断性结果表明，BAM+似乎对监测精英水平运动员的纵向恢复周期有效。未来需要进行研究以确认该量表的可靠性和有效性。
