RaheliNamin Behnaz, Mortazavi Samar, Salmanmahiny Abdolrassoul
Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources & Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Hamedan, Iran.
Department of Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sci. & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran.
Environ Monit Assess. 2016 Nov;188(11):627. doi: 10.1007/s10661-016-5599-2. Epub 2016 Oct 19.
The combination of degrading natural conditions and resources, climate change, growing population, urban development, and competition in a global market complicate optimization of land for agricultural products. The use of pesticides and fertilizers for crop production in the agricultural fields has become excessive in the recent years and Golestan Province of Iran is no exception in this regard. For this, effective management with an efficient and cost-effective practice should be undertaken, maintaining public service at a high level and preserving the environment. Improving the production efficiency of agriculture, efficient use of water resources, decreasing the use of pesticides and fertilizers, improving farmer revenue, and conservation of natural resources are the main objectives of the allocation, ranking, and optimization of agricultural products. The goal of this paper is to use an optimization procedure to lower the negative effects of agriculture while maintaining a high production rate, which is currently a gap in the study area. We collected information about fertilizer and pesticide consumption and other data in croplands of eastern Golestan Province through face-to-face interviews with farmers to optimize cultivation of the agricultural products. The toxicity of pesticides according to LD50 was also included in the optimization model. A decision-support software system called multiple criteria analysis tool was used to simultaneously minimize consumption of water, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides and maximize socio-economic returns. Three scenarios for optimization of agricultural products were generated that alternatively emphasized on environmental and socio-economic goals. Comparing socio-economic and environmental performance of the optimized agricultural products under the three scenarios illustrated the conflict between social, economic, and environmental objectives. Of the six crops studied (wheat, barley, rice, soybeans, oilseed rape, and maize), rice ranked second in the social and fifth in the economic scenarios. Soybeans had the lowest rank for economic and social scenarios and its cultivation in the study area, in terms of economic and social goals, was rejected by the model. However, cultivation of soybeans continues in the area as a responsibility to cater for the major need of the country. Because of subsidized prices of water, fertilizers, and pesticides, the use of these items are far from optimized in the current agricultural practices in the area.
自然条件和资源退化、气候变化、人口增长、城市发展以及全球市场竞争交织在一起，使得农产品用地的优化变得复杂。近年来，农业领域用于作物生产的农药和化肥使用过度，伊朗的戈勒斯坦省也不例外。因此，应采用高效且具成本效益的做法进行有效管理，维持高水平的公共服务并保护环境。提高农业生产效率、高效利用水资源、减少农药和化肥使用、增加农民收入以及保护自然资源是农产品分配、排名和优化的主要目标。本文的目的是运用一种优化程序，在保持高生产率的同时降低农业的负面影响，而这正是研究区域目前的一个空白。我们通过与农民进行面对面访谈，收集了戈勒斯坦省东部农田中化肥和农药使用量及其他数据，以优化农产品种植。优化模型中还纳入了根据半数致死剂量（LD50）确定的农药毒性。我们使用了一个名为多标准分析工具的决策支持软件系统，以同时减少水、化肥和农药的使用量，并使社会经济回报最大化。生成了三种农产品优化方案，它们分别侧重于环境和社会经济目标。比较这三种方案下优化农产品的社会经济和环境绩效，揭示了社会、经济和环境目标之间的冲突。在所研究的六种作物（小麦、大麦、水稻、大豆、油菜和玉米）中，水稻在社会目标方案中排名第二，在经济目标方案中排名第五。大豆在经济和社会目标方案中的排名最低，就经济和社会目标而言，该模型不建议在研究区域种植大豆。然而，出于满足国家主要需求的责任，该地区仍继续种植大豆。由于水、化肥和农药价格受到补贴，该地区目前的农业实践中这些物资的使用远未达到优化。
