Notarbartolo di Sciara G
Tethys Research Institute, Acquario Civico, Milano, Italy.
Adv Mar Biol. 2016;75:1-36. doi: 10.1016/bs.amb.2016.08.005. Epub 2016 Sep 28.
Despite being a small part of the world's oceans, the Mediterranean Sea hosts a diverse marine mammal fauna, with a total of 28 different species known to occur, or to have occurred, in the region. Species currently recognised as regular in the Mediterranean-the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) and 11 cetaceans (fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus; sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus; Cuvier's beaked whale, Ziphius cavirostris; short-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus delphis; long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas; Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus; killer whale, Orcinus orca; striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba; rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis; common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus; harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena relicta) have adapted well to the region's environmental conditions, but their coexistence with humans is problematic. All the regular species are represented in the Mediterranean by populations genetically distinct from their North Atlantic relatives. Seventeen other species (three pinnipeds and 14 cetaceans) occur or have occurred in the Mediterranean as vagrants from adjacent regions. Impacts on the conservation status of marine mammals in the region deriving from a variety of threats include: (a) mortality caused by deliberate killing (to a large extent resulting from fisheries interactions), naval sonar, ship strikes, epizootics, fisheries bycatch, chemical pollution and ingestion of solid debris; (b) short-term redistribution caused by naval sonar, seismic surveys, vessel disturbance and vessel noise; and (c) long-term redistribution caused by fishery-induced food depletion, coastal development and possibly climate change. Accordingly, seven of the 12 marine mammals regular in the Mediterranean region are listed as Threatened on IUCN's Red List; regrettably, three are Data Deficient and two remain unassessed.
尽管地中海只是世界海洋的一小部分，但却拥有多样的海洋哺乳动物群，该地区已知共有28种不同的物种出现过或正在出现。目前在地中海被视为常见物种的有——地中海僧海豹（Monachus monachus）和11种鲸类动物（长须鲸，Balaenoptera physalus；抹香鲸，Physeter macrocephalus；柯氏喙鲸，Ziphius cavirostris；短喙普通海豚，Delphinus delphis；长鳍领航鲸，Globicephala melas；里氏海豚，Grampus griseus；虎鲸，Orcinus orca；条纹海豚，Stenella coeruleoalba；糙齿海豚，Steno bredanensis；普通宽吻海豚，Tursiops truncatus；港湾鼠海豚，Phocoena phocoena relicta），它们已经很好地适应了该地区的环境条件，但它们与人类的共存却存在问题。所有常见物种在地中海的种群在基因上都与它们北大西洋的亲属不同。另外17种物种（3种鳍足类动物和14种鲸类动物）作为来自相邻地区的迷路者在地中海出现过或正在出现。各种威胁对该地区海洋哺乳动物保护状况的影响包括：（a）因蓄意捕杀导致的死亡（在很大程度上是由于渔业相互作用）、海军声纳、船只撞击、流行病、渔业误捕、化学污染和固体垃圾摄入；（b）由海军声纳、地震勘测、船只干扰和船只噪音导致的短期重新分布；以及（c）由渔业导致的食物减少、沿海开发以及可能的气候变化导致的长期重新分布。因此，地中海地区12种常见海洋哺乳动物中有7种被列入世界自然保护联盟红色名录的受威胁物种；遗憾的是，3种数据缺乏，2种仍未评估。
