State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Jan 15;576:347-361. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.080. Epub 2016 Oct 25.
This review briefly introduces current status of indoor and ambient air pollution originating from household coal and biomass combustion in mainland China. Owing to low combustion efficiency, emissions of CO, PM, black carbon (BC), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have significant adverse consequences for indoor and ambient air qualities, resulting in relative contributions of more than one-third in all anthropogenic emissions. Their contributions are higher in less economically developed regions, such as Guizhou (61% PM, 80% BC), than that in more developed regions, such as Shanghai (4% PM, 17% BC). Chimneys can reduce 80% indoor PM level when burning dirty solid fuels, such as plant materials. Due to spending more time near stoves, housewives suffer much more (2 times) PM than the adult men, especially in winter in northern China (~4 times). Improvement of stove combustion/thermal efficiencies and solid fuel quality are the two essential methods to reduce pollutant emissions. PM and BC emission factors (EFs) have been identified to increase with volatile matter content in traditional stove combustion. EFs of dirty fuels are two orders higher than that of clean ones. Switching to clean ones, such as semi-coke briquette, was identified to be a feasible path for reducing >90% PM and BC emissions. Otherwise, improvement of thermal and combustion efficiencies by using under-fire technology can reduce ~50% CO, 87% NH, and 80% PM and BC emissions regardless of volatile matter content in solid fuel. However, there are still some knowledge gaps, such as, inventory for the temporal impact of household combustion on air quality, statistic data for deployed clean solid fuels and advanced stoves, and the effect of socioeconomic development. Additionally, further technology research for reducing air pollution emissions is urgently needed, especially low cost and clean stove when burning any type of solid fuel. Furthermore, emission-abatement oriented policy should base on sound scientific evidence to significantly reduce pollutant emissions.
本文简要介绍了中国室内和环境空气中源于煤炭和生物质燃烧的空气污染现状。由于燃烧效率低下，CO、PM、黑碳（BC）和多环芳烃的排放对室内和环境空气质量产生了显著的不利影响，导致人为排放源中超过三分之一的贡献来自于这些污染物。在欠发达地区，如贵州（PM 为 61%，BC 为 80%），其贡献高于发达地区，如上海（PM 为 4%，BC 为 17%）。当燃烧植物材料等脏污固体燃料时，烟囱可以将室内 PM 水平降低约 80%。由于主妇们在炉灶附近停留的时间更长，因此她们受到的 PM 污染比成年男性多（约 2 倍），尤其是在中国北方的冬季（约 4 倍）。提高炉灶燃烧/热效率和固体燃料质量是减少污染物排放的两种重要方法。已确定 PM 和 BC 排放因子（EFs）随传统炉灶燃烧中的挥发分含量增加而增加。脏污燃料的 EF 比清洁燃料高两个数量级。转向清洁燃料，如半焦型煤，被认为是减少>90%PM 和 BC 排放的可行途径。否则，使用下燃技术提高热效率和燃烧效率可以减少约 50%的 CO、87%的 NH、80%的 PM 和 BC 排放，而与固体燃料中的挥发分含量无关。然而，仍存在一些知识空白，例如，家庭燃烧对空气质量的时间影响的清单、清洁固体燃料和先进炉灶的部署统计数据以及社会经济发展的影响。此外，迫切需要进行减少空气污染排放的技术研究，特别是在燃烧任何类型的固体燃料时，需要低成本且清洁的炉灶。此外，以减排为导向的政策应基于可靠的科学证据，以显著减少污染物排放。
