Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA.
Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
Chemosphere. 2019 Oct;233:852-861. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.013. Epub 2019 Jun 6.
A common strategy to improve indoor air quality in households burning coal and biomass is the introduction of advanced combustion solid fuel stoves, which can use existing fuels yet emit fewer pollutants. Chemical composition of PM is affected by numerous combustion parameters, but is often not considered in energy transitions, despite varying toxicity among chemical components. We analyzed PM emissions from combustion of solid fuels (coal, wood, and straw; whole and pelletized) in a variety of stoves (cookstoves and heating stoves; traditional and semi-gasifier, including forced versus natural draft and fixed versus reciprocating grate). To assess the effects of fuel and stove type on PM composition, we measured elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), water-soluble OC, water-soluble inorganic ions (e.g. SO, Cl, K), and organic molecular markers. PM emissions from traditional stoves were mostly carbonaceous: 76-90% organic matter (OM), 5-6% EC, and less than 2% inorganic ions. In contrast, semi-gasifier stoves emitted more inorganic PM: on average, ions comprised 65%, 9% was OM, and 4% was EC. Within the semi-gasifier cookstoves, forced-draft cookstove emissions had lower OM (1-3%) and higher ion concentrations (84-88%) than the natural-draft cookstove (5-14% OM, 30-83% ions). Levoglucosan was detected in PM from combustion of wood in the traditional cookstove and biomass pellets in the natural-draft semi-gasifier cookstove, but not from wood pellets in the forced-draft semi-gasifier cookstove. Across a range of different fuels and stoves, stove type influenced emitted PM composition more than fuel type, underscoring the impact of combustion conditions on PM chemical composition.
改善燃烧煤炭和生物质燃料家庭室内空气质量的常用策略是引入先进的固体燃料燃烧炉灶，这种炉灶可以使用现有燃料，同时排放较少的污染物。PM 的化学组成受许多燃烧参数的影响，但在能源转型中往往没有得到考虑，尽管化学成分的毒性有所不同。我们分析了各种炉灶（炉灶和取暖炉灶；传统炉灶和半气化炉灶，包括强制通风和自然通风以及固定炉排和往复炉排）燃烧固体燃料（煤、木材和秸秆；整料和颗粒料）产生的 PM 排放。为了评估燃料和炉灶类型对 PM 成分的影响，我们测量了元素碳 (EC)、有机碳 (OC)、水溶性 OC、水溶性无机离子（例如 SO、Cl、K）和有机分子标志物。传统炉灶产生的 PM 主要是含碳物质：76-90%的有机物 (OM)、5-6%的 EC 和不到 2%的无机离子。相比之下，半气化炉灶排放的无机 PM 更多：平均而言，离子占 65%，OM 占 9%，EC 占 4%。在半气化炉灶中，强制通风炉灶的 OM（1-3%）和离子浓度（84-88%）低于自然通风炉灶（5-14% OM，30-83%离子）。在传统炉灶中燃烧木材和在自然通风半气化炉灶中燃烧生物质颗粒时，检测到左旋葡聚糖存在于 PM 中，但在强制通风半气化炉灶中燃烧木材颗粒时未检测到左旋葡聚糖。在一系列不同的燃料和炉灶中，炉灶类型对排放 PM 的成分影响大于燃料类型，这突显了燃烧条件对 PM 化学组成的影响。
