Basyoni Maha M A, Rizk Enas M A
Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
J Parasit Dis. 2016 Dec;40(4):1130-1140. doi: 10.1007/s12639-015-0707-8. Epub 2016 Jan 14.
Nematode worms are among the most ubiquitous organisms on earth. They include free-living forms as well as parasites of plants, insects, humans and other animals. Recently, there has been an explosion of interest in nematode biology, including the area of nematode ultrastructure. Nematodes are round with a body cavity. They have one way guts with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other. They have a pseudocoelom that is lined on one side with mesoderm and on the other side with endoderm. It appears that the cuticle is a very complex and evolutionarily plastic feature with important functions involving protection, body movement and maintaining shape. They only have longitudinal muscles so; they seem to thrash back and forth. While nematodes have digestive, reproductive, nervous and excretory systems, they do not have discrete circulatory or respiratory systems. Nematodes use chemosensory and mechanosensory neurons embedded in the cuticle to orient and respond to a wide range of environmental stimuli. Adults are made up of roughly 1000 somatic cells and hundreds of those cells are typically associated with the reproductive systems. Nematodes ultrastructure seeks to provide studies which enable their use as models for diverse biological processes including; human diseases, immunity, host-parasitic interactions and the expression of phylogenomics. The latter has, however, not been brought into a single inclusive entity. Consequently, in the current review we tried to provide a comprehensive approach to the current knowledge available for nematodes ultrastructures.
线虫是地球上分布最为广泛的生物之一。它们包括自由生活的形态以及植物、昆虫、人类和其他动物的寄生虫。最近，人们对线虫生物学，包括线虫超微结构领域的兴趣激增。线虫呈圆形，有体腔。它们有单向的肠道，一端有口，另一端有肛门。它们有一个假体腔，一侧由中胚层衬里，另一侧由内胚层衬里。表皮似乎是一个非常复杂且在进化上具有可塑性的特征，具有涉及保护、身体运动和维持形状的重要功能。它们只有纵向肌肉，所以看起来是来回扭动。虽然线虫有消化、生殖、神经和排泄系统，但它们没有独立的循环或呼吸系统。线虫利用嵌入表皮的化学感应和机械感应神经元来定向并对各种环境刺激做出反应。成虫大约由1000个体细胞组成，其中数百个细胞通常与生殖系统相关。线虫超微结构旨在提供相关研究，使其能够作为多种生物学过程的模型，包括人类疾病、免疫、宿主 - 寄生虫相互作用和系统发育基因组学的表达。然而，后者尚未形成一个单一的综合实体。因此，在当前的综述中，我们试图为线虫超微结构的现有知识提供一种全面的方法。
