Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570100, China.
School of Basic Medical Sciences and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China.
Infect Dis Poverty. 2024 Jun 20;13(1):48. doi: 10.1186/s40249-024-01216-1.
Human parasitic infections caused by Adenophorean nematodes encompass a range of diseases, including dioctophymiasis, trichuriasis, capillariasis, trichinellosis, and myositis. These infection can result in adverse impacts on human health and cause societal and economic concerns in tropical and subtropical regions.
This review conducted searches in PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar for relevant studies that published in established databases up to April 26, 2024. Studies that focused on the common morphology, life cycle, disease distribution, clinical manifestations, and prevention and control strategies for Adenophorean parasitic diseases in humans were included.
Adenophorean nematodes exhibit shared morphological characteristics with a four-layered cuticle; uninucleate epidermal cells; pseudocoelom with six or more coelomocytes; generally three caudal glands; five esophageal glands; two testes in males with median-ventral supplementary glands in a single row; tail in males rarely possessing caudal alae; amphids always postlabial; presence of cephalic sensory organs; absence of phasmids; and a secretory-excretory system consisting of a single ventral gland cell, usually with a non-cuticularized terminal duct. Humans play two important roles in the life cycle of the nematode class, Adenophorea: 1) as a definitive host infected by ingesting undercooked paratenic hosts, embryonated eggs, infective larvae in fish tissue and meat contaminated with encysted or non-encysted larvae, and 2) as an accidental host infected by ingesting parasitic eggs in undercooked meat. Many organs are targeted by the Adenophorean nematode in humans such as the intestines, lungs, liver, kidneys, lymphatic circulation and blood vessels, resulting in gastrointestinal problems, excessive immunological responses, cell disruption, and even death. Most of these infections have significant incidence rates in the developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America; however, some parasitic diseases have restricted dissemination in outbreaks. To prevent these diseases, interventions together with education, sanitation, hygiene and animal control measures have been introduced in order to reduce and control parasite populations.
The common morphology, life cycle, global epidemiology and pathology of human Adenophorean nematode-borne parasitic diseases were highlighted, as well as their prevention and control. The findings of this review will contribute to improvement of monitoring and predicting human-parasitic infections, understanding the relationship between animals, humans and parasites, and preventing and controlling parasitic diseases.
由腺首线虫引起的人体寄生感染包括多种疾病，如双腔吸虫病、鞭虫病、毛首线虫病、旋毛虫病和肌炎。这些感染会对人类健康造成不良影响，并在热带和亚热带地区引发社会和经济问题。
本综述在 PubMed、Embase 和 Google Scholar 中进行了检索，检索截至 2024 年 4 月 26 日已在既定数据库中发表的相关研究。纳入的研究重点关注人类腺首线虫寄生疾病的常见形态、生命周期、疾病分布、临床表现以及预防和控制策略。
腺首线虫具有四层角质层、单核表皮细胞、具 6 个以上体腔细胞的拟体腔、通常有 3 个尾腺、5 个食道腺、雄性有 2 个睾丸，中间有中背补充腺呈单行排列、雄虫尾部很少有尾翼、唇间位感器、无尾感器、由单个腹腺细胞组成的分泌-排泄系统，通常无角质化终末管。人类在腺首线虫的生命周期中扮演着两个重要角色：1）作为终末宿主，通过摄入未煮熟的中间宿主、卵、受感染的幼虫或鱼肉中污染的包囊幼虫或非包囊幼虫而感染；2）作为偶然宿主，通过摄入未煮熟的含有寄生卵的肉而感染。腺首线虫可感染人体的许多器官，如肠道、肺、肝、肾、淋巴循环和血管，导致胃肠道问题、过度免疫反应、细胞破坏，甚至死亡。这些感染中的大多数在非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲的发展中国家发病率较高；然而，一些寄生虫病的传播受到限制，呈爆发性。为了预防这些疾病，已经采取了干预措施，包括教育、卫生、卫生和动物控制措施，以减少和控制寄生虫种群。
本文强调了人类腺首线虫寄生性疾病的常见形态、生命周期、全球流行病学和病理学，以及它们的预防和控制。本综述的研究结果将有助于改善对人类寄生虫感染的监测和预测，加深对动物、人类和寄生虫之间关系的理解，并预防和控制寄生虫病。
