1 Department of Psychology, Carleton College.
2 Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Washington University in St. Louis.
Psychol Sci. 2017 Jan;28(1):36-46. doi: 10.1177/0956797616672268. Epub 2016 Nov 24.
In two experiments, we explored the effects of noticing and remembering change in the misinformation paradigm. People watched slide shows, read narratives containing misinformation about the events depicted in the slide shows, and took a recognition test on which they reported whether any details had changed between the slides and the narratives. As expected, we found a strong misinformation effect overall. In some cases, however, misinformation led to improved recognition, which is opposite the usual finding. Critically, misinformation led to improved recognition of the original event when subjects detected and remembered a change between the original event and the postevent information. Our research agrees with other findings from retroactive-interference paradigms and can be interpreted within the recursive-remindings framework, according to which detecting and remembering change can enhance retention. We conclude that the misinformation effect occurs mostly for witnessed details that are not particularly memorable. In the case of more memorable details, providing misinformation can actually facilitate later recollection of the original events.
在两项实验中，我们探讨了在错误信息范式中注意和记住变化的效果。参与者观看幻灯片演示，阅读包含有关幻灯片中描述的事件错误信息的叙述，并在识别测试中报告幻灯片和叙述之间是否有任何细节发生变化。不出所料，我们总体上发现了强烈的错误信息效应。然而，在某些情况下，错误信息导致识别得到改善，这与通常的发现相反。关键的是，当受试者在原始事件和事件后信息之间检测到并记住变化时，错误信息导致对原始事件的识别得到改善。我们的研究与来自回溯干扰范式的其他发现一致，可以根据递归提醒框架进行解释，根据该框架，检测和记住变化可以增强保留。我们的结论是，错误信息效应主要发生在不太容易记住的目击细节上。在更易记忆的细节的情况下，提供错误信息实际上可以促进对原始事件的后续回忆。
