Ahmed Mairaj K, Ye Xiaoqian, Taub Peter J
Department of Dentistry/Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States; Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States.
Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States.
J Pediatr Genet. 2016 Dec;5(4):209-219. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1593505. Epub 2016 Oct 12.
Genetic etiologies for congenital anomalies of the facial skeleton, namely, the maxilla and mandible, are important to understand and recognize. Malocclusions occur when there exist any significant deviation from what is considered a normal relationship between the upper jaw (maxilla) and the lower jaw (mandible). They may be the result of anomalies of the teeth alone, the bones alone, or both. A number of genes play a role in the facial skeletal development and are regulated by a host of additional regulatory molecules. As such, numerous craniofacial syndromes specifically affect the development of the jaws. The following review discusses several genetic anomalies that specifically affect the bones of the craniofacial skeleton and lead to malocclusion.
了解和认识导致面部骨骼（即上颌骨和下颌骨）先天性畸形的遗传病因很重要。当上颌骨（上颌）和下颌骨（下颌）之间的关系显著偏离正常关系时，就会出现错牙合畸形。它们可能是仅牙齿异常、仅骨骼异常或两者皆有的结果。许多基因在面部骨骼发育中起作用，并受到许多其他调节分子的调控。因此，众多颅面综合征会特别影响颌骨的发育。以下综述讨论了几种特别影响颅面骨骼并导致错牙合畸形的遗传异常。
