Mijacika Tanja, Dujic Zeljko
Dept of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.
Dept of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
Eur Respir Rev. 2016 Dec;25(142):506-512. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0052-2016.
The number of people practising recreational breath-hold diving is constantly growing, thereby increasing the need for knowledge of the acute and chronic effects such a sport could have on the health of participants. Breath-hold diving is potentially dangerous, mainly because of associated extreme environmental factors such as increased hydrostatic pressure, hypoxia, hypercapnia, hypothermia and strenuous exercise.In this article we focus on the effects of breath-hold diving on pulmonary function. Respiratory symptoms have been reported in almost 25% of breath-hold divers after repetitive diving sessions. Acutely, repetitive breath-hold diving may result in increased transpulmonary capillary pressure, leading to noncardiogenic oedema and/or alveolar haemorrhage. Furthermore, during a breath-hold dive, the chest and lungs are compressed by the increasing pressure of water. Rapid changes in lung air volume during descent or ascent can result in a lung injury known as pulmonary barotrauma. Factors that may influence individual susceptibility to breath-hold diving-induced lung injury range from underlying pulmonary or cardiac dysfunction to genetic predisposition.According to the available data, breath-holding does not result in chronic lung injury. However, studies of large populations of breath-hold divers are necessary to firmly exclude long-term lung damage.
进行休闲屏气潜水的人数在不断增加，因此对于了解这项运动可能对参与者健康产生的急性和慢性影响的需求也日益增长。屏气潜水具有潜在危险性，主要是因为存在相关的极端环境因素，如静水压力增加、缺氧、高碳酸血症、体温过低和剧烈运动。在本文中，我们重点关注屏气潜水对肺功能的影响。据报道，在重复潜水后，近25%的屏气潜水者出现了呼吸道症状。急性情况下，重复屏气潜水可能导致跨肺毛细血管压力升高，进而引发非心源性肺水肿和/或肺泡出血。此外，在屏气潜水过程中，胸部和肺部会受到不断增加的水压挤压。在潜水下降或上升过程中肺内空气量的快速变化可能导致一种称为肺气压伤的肺部损伤。可能影响个体对屏气潜水所致肺损伤易感性的因素包括潜在的肺部或心脏功能障碍以及遗传易感性。根据现有数据，屏气不会导致慢性肺损伤。然而，需要对大量屏气潜水者进行研究，以确凿排除长期肺损伤的可能性。
