Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) , Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany.
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley , 406 O'Brien Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2017 Jan 3;51(1):308-319. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04855. Epub 2016 Dec 12.
A multidisciplinary concept has been developed to compare advanced wastewater treatment processes for their efficacy of eliminating micropollutants and pathogens. The concept is based on (i) the removal/formation of selected indicator substances and their transformation products (TPs), (ii) the assessment of ecotoxicity via in vitro tests, and (iii) the removal of pathogens and antibiotic resistant bacteria. It includes substances passing biological wastewater treatment plants regulated or proposed to be regulated in the European Water Framework Directive, TPs formed in biological processes or during ozonation, agonistic/antagonistic endocrine activities, mutagenic/genotoxic activities, cytotoxic activities, further activities like neurotoxicity as well as antibiotics resistance genes, and taxonomic gene markers for pathogens. At a pilot plant, ozonation of conventionally treated wastewater resulted in the removal of micropollutants and pathogens and the reduction of estrogenic effects, whereas the in vitro mutagenicity increased. Subsequent post-treatment of the ozonated water by granular activated carbon (GAC) significantly reduced the mutagenic effects as well as the concentrations of remaining micropollutants, whereas this was not the case for biofiltration. The results demonstrate the suitability of the evaluation concept to assess processes of advanced wastewater treatment including ozonation and GAC by considering chemical, ecotoxicological, and microbiological parameters.
已开发出一种多学科概念来比较高级废水处理工艺在消除微污染物和病原体方面的功效。该概念基于 (i) 选择的指示物质及其转化产物 (TP) 的去除/形成，(ii) 通过体外测试评估生态毒性，以及 (iii) 病原体和抗药性细菌的去除。它包括通过受监管或拟在欧洲水框架指令中监管的生物废水处理厂的物质、生物过程中形成的 TPs 或臭氧氧化过程中形成的 TPs、激动剂/拮抗剂内分泌活性、致突变/遗传毒性活性、细胞毒性活性、进一步的神经毒性等活性以及抗生素抗性基因和病原体的分类基因标记。在中试工厂中，常规处理废水的臭氧氧化导致微污染物和病原体的去除以及雌激素效应的降低，而体外致突变性增加。随后对臭氧氧化水进行颗粒活性炭 (GAC) 后处理可显著降低致突变作用以及残留微污染物的浓度，而生物过滤则不然。结果表明，该评估概念适用于评估包括臭氧氧化和 GAC 在内的高级废水处理工艺，同时考虑化学、生态毒性和微生物学参数。
