Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Water Res. 2020 Oct 15;185:116104. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116104. Epub 2020 Aug 6.
Wastewater treatment plants are major point sources of (micro)pollutant emissions and advanced wastewater treatment technologies can improve their removal capacity. While abundant data on individual advanced treatment technologies is available, there is limited knowledge regarding the removal performance of ozonation combined with multiple post-treatments and stand-alone membrane bioreactors. This is especially true for the removal of in vitro and in vivo toxicity. Therefore, we investigated the removal of 40 micropollutants and toxicity by a pilot-scale ozonation with four post-treatments: non-aerated and aerated granular activated carbon and biological filtration. In addition, two stand-alone membrane bioreactors fed with untreated wastewater and one MBR operating with ozonated partial flow recirculation were analysed. Aqueous and extracted samples were analysed in vitro for (anti)estrogenic, (anti)androgenic and mutagenic effects. To assess in vivo effects, the mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum was exposed in an on-site flow-through system. Multiple in vitro effects were detected in conventionally treated wastewater including estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity. Ozonation largely removed these effects, while anti-estrogenic and mutagenic effects increased suggesting the formation of toxic transformation products. These effects were significantly reduced by granular activated carbon being more effective than biological filtration. The membrane bioreactor performed similarly to the conventional treatment while the membrane bioreactor with ozonation had a comparable removal performance like ozonation. Conventionally treated wastewater increased the growth of P. antipodarum. Ozonation reduced the reproduction indicating a potential formation of toxic transformation products. In the post-treatments, these effects were compensated or remained unaffected. The effluents of the membrane bioreactors induced reproductive toxicity. Our results show that ozonation is effective in further reducing toxicity and micropollutant concentrations. However, the formation of toxicity requires a post-treatment. Here, ozonation coupled to granular activated carbon filtration seemed the most promising treatment process.
污水处理厂是（微）污染物排放的主要点源，而先进的污水处理技术可以提高其去除能力。虽然有大量关于个别先进处理技术的数据，但对于臭氧氧化与多种后处理和独立膜生物反应器相结合的去除性能知之甚少。对于体外和体内毒性的去除尤其如此。因此，我们研究了在中试规模的臭氧氧化中使用四种后处理方法（非曝气和曝气颗粒活性炭和生物过滤）对 40 种微污染物和毒性的去除情况。此外，还分析了两个独立的膜生物反应器，一个用未经处理的废水进料，一个用部分臭氧回流的 MBR 运行。水相和提取样品在体外分析了（抗）雌激素、（抗）雄激素和致突变作用。为了评估体内效应，在现场流动系统中暴露了泥螺 Potamopyrgus antipodarum。在常规处理的废水中检测到多种体外效应，包括雌激素和抗雄激素活性。臭氧氧化大大去除了这些效应，而抗雌激素和致突变效应增加表明形成了有毒转化产物。这些效应通过颗粒活性炭的去除得到显著降低，其效果优于生物过滤。膜生物反应器的性能与常规处理相似，而带有臭氧氧化的膜生物反应器的去除性能与臭氧氧化相当。常规处理废水增加了 P. antipodarum 的生长。臭氧氧化降低了繁殖率，表明可能形成了有毒转化产物。在后处理中，这些效应得到了补偿或没有受到影响。膜生物反应器的出水诱导了生殖毒性。我们的结果表明，臭氧氧化有效地进一步降低了毒性和微污染物浓度。然而，毒性的形成需要后处理。在这里，臭氧氧化与颗粒活性炭过滤相结合似乎是最有前途的处理工艺。
