Entomology Group, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
Entomology Group, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
Curr Opin Insect Sci. 2016 Dec;18:60-68. doi: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.09.004. Epub 2016 Oct 14.
Techniques currently used in insect morphology are outlined briefly. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microphotography are used mainly for documenting external features, the former providing more information on tiny surface structures and the latter on coloration, transparency and degree of sclerotization. A broad spectrum of methods is now available for anatomical studies: histological serial sections, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM), dual beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), and μ-computed tomography (micro-CT). The use of SBFSEM and FIB-SEM is restricted to extremely small samples. NMRI is used mainly in in vivo studies. Micro-computed tomography, in combination with computer-based reconstruction, has greatly accelerated the acquisition of high quality data in a phylogenetic context. Morphology will continue to play a vital role in phylogenetic and evolutionary investigations. It provides independent data for checking the plausibility of molecular phylogenies and is the only source of information for placing extinct taxa. It is the necessary basis for reconstructing character evolution on the phenotypic level and for developing complex evolutionary scenarios. Computer-based anatomical ontologies are an additional future perspective of morphological work.
简要概述了目前在昆虫形态学中使用的技术。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和显微摄影主要用于记录外部特征，前者提供更多关于微小表面结构的信息，后者提供颜色、透明度和硬化程度的信息。现在有广泛的方法可用于解剖学研究：组织学连续切片、共聚焦激光扫描显微镜（CLSM）、光片荧光显微镜（LSFM）、连续块面扫描电子显微镜（SBFSEM）、双束扫描电子显微镜（FIB-SEM）、核磁共振成像（NMRI）和μ-计算机断层扫描（micro-CT）。SBFSEM 和 FIB-SEM 的使用仅限于极小的样本。NMRI 主要用于体内研究。微计算机断层扫描与基于计算机的重建相结合，大大加快了在系统发育背景下高质量数据的获取。形态学将继续在系统发育和进化研究中发挥重要作用。它为检查分子系统发育的合理性提供了独立的数据，是确定已灭绝分类群的唯一信息来源。它是在表型水平上重建特征进化和发展复杂进化场景的必要基础。基于计算机的解剖学本体是形态学工作的另一个未来视角。
