McGuire Michelle K, McGuire Mark A
School of Biological Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States.
Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2017 Apr;44:63-68. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.11.013. Epub 2016 Dec 8.
Contrary to long-held dogma, human milk is not sterile. Instead, it provides infants a rich source of diverse bacteria, particularly microbes belonging to the Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pseudomonas genera. Very little is known about factors that influence variation in the milk microbiome among women and populations, although time postpartum, delivery mode, and maternal factors such as diet and antibiotic use might be important. The origins of the bacteria in milk are thought to include the maternal gastrointestinal tract (via an entero-mammary pathway) and through bacterial exposure of the breast during nursing. Currently, almost nothing is known about whether variation in microbe consumption by the infant via human milk and that of the mammary gland, itself, impacts short-term and/or long-term infant and maternal health although several studies suggest this is likely. We urge the clinical and public health communities to be patient, however, in order to allow human milk and lactation researchers to first understand what constitutes 'normal' in terms of the milk microbiome (as well as factors that impact microbial community structure) prior to jumping the gun to investigate if and how this important source of microbes impacts maternal and infant health.
与长期以来的教条相反，母乳并非无菌。相反，它为婴儿提供了丰富多样的细菌来源，尤其是属于葡萄球菌、链球菌和假单胞菌属的微生物。尽管产后时间、分娩方式以及饮食和抗生素使用等母体因素可能很重要，但对于影响不同女性和人群乳汁微生物组差异的因素，我们知之甚少。乳汁中细菌的来源被认为包括母体胃肠道（通过肠-乳腺途径）以及哺乳期间乳房接触细菌。目前，关于婴儿通过母乳摄入的微生物以及乳腺本身的微生物差异是否会影响婴儿和母体的短期和/或长期健康，我们几乎一无所知，尽管多项研究表明这种情况很可能存在。然而，我们敦促临床和公共卫生界保持耐心，以便让母乳和哺乳研究人员首先了解乳汁微生物组方面的“正常”构成（以及影响微生物群落结构的因素），然后再急于调查这种重要的微生物来源是否以及如何影响母婴健康。
