Ben-Zur H
Mem Cognit. 1989 Sep;17(5):617-26. doi: 10.3758/bf03197084.
The cognitive processes involved in simple semantic-memory problems were investigated in four experiments. On each trial of Experiments 1 and 2, two stimulus words were presented, with the instructions to find a third word (i.e., the solution) that, when coupled with each of the stimuli, would yield two word pairs used in everyday language (e.g., surprise and birthday, for which the solution is party). The results of the two experiments indicated that informing the subject whether the solution constituted the first or the second element in the word pairs facilitated both likelihood and speed of solution attainment. In addition, solution attainment was relatively high for items based on frequently used word pairs (Experiment 1) and for items in which the stimuli appear, in everyday language, in a small number of word pairs (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, the subjects were required to produce word pairs containing one of the two stimulus words from the items used in Experiment 2. Solution production was facilitated by rehearsing the second stimulus word of the specific item. The conclusion, supported by a post hoc analysis of the results of Experiments 2 and 3 (Experiment 4), was that indirect priming from one stimulus word may facilitate solution production from a searched word. These results are interpreted in terms of automatic and controlled processes, and their relevance to two different models for retrieval from semantic memory is discussed.
四项实验对简单语义记忆问题所涉及的认知过程进行了研究。在实验1和实验2的每次试验中，会呈现两个刺激词，并要求找出第三个词（即答案），该词与每个刺激词组合时，能形成两个日常用语中的词对（例如，“惊喜”和“生日”，答案是“派对”）。这两项实验的结果表明，告知受试者答案是构成词对中的第一个元素还是第二个元素，会同时提高找到答案的可能性和速度。此外，对于基于常用词对的项目（实验1）以及在日常用语中刺激词出现次数较少的词对项目（实验2），找到答案的成功率相对较高。在实验3中，要求受试者根据实验2中使用的项目，生成包含两个刺激词之一的词对。通过重复特定项目的第二个刺激词，有助于生成答案。对实验2和实验3的结果进行事后分析（实验4）后得出的结论是，一个刺激词的间接启动可能有助于从搜索词中生成答案。这些结果从自动和受控过程的角度进行了解释，并讨论了它们与语义记忆检索的两种不同模型的相关性。
