Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2016 Dec;81(Pt B):393-402. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.10.021. Epub 2016 Oct 28.
Chronic inflammation is currently recognized as a critical process in modern-era epidemics such as diabetes, obesity and neurodegeneration. However, little attention is paid to the constitutive inflammatory pathways that operate in the gut and that are mandatory for local welfare and the prevention of such multi-organic diseases. Hence, the digestive system, while posing as a barrier between the external environment and the host, is crucial for the balance between constitutive and pathological inflammatory events. Gut microbiome, a recently discovered organ, is now known to govern the interaction between exogenous agents and the host with ensued impact on local and systemic homeostasis. Whereas gut microbiota may be modulated by a myriad of factors, diet constitutes one of its major determinants. Thus, dietary compounds that influence microbial flora may thereby impact on inflammatory pathways. One such example is the redox environment in the gut lumen which is highly dependent on the local generation of nitric oxide along the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway and that is further enhanced by simultaneous consumption of polyphenols. In this paper, different pathways encompassing the interaction of dietary nitrate and polyphenols with gut microbiota will be presented and discussed in connection with local and systemic inflammatory events. Furthermore, it will be discussed how these interactive cycles (nitrate-polyphenols-microbiome) may pose as novel strategies to tackle inflammatory diseases.
慢性炎症目前被认为是糖尿病、肥胖和神经退行性等现代时代流行病的一个关键过程。然而，人们很少关注肠道中存在的组成性炎症途径，这些途径对于局部福利和预防这种多器官疾病是必需的。因此，消化系统虽然是宿主与外部环境之间的一道屏障，但对于组成性和病理性炎症事件之间的平衡至关重要。肠道微生物组是最近发现的一个器官，现在已知它控制着外源性物质与宿主之间的相互作用，并对局部和全身的动态平衡产生影响。虽然肠道微生物群可能受到多种因素的调节，但饮食是其主要决定因素之一。因此，影响微生物菌群的饮食化合物可能会影响炎症途径。其中一个例子是肠道腔中的氧化还原环境，它高度依赖于沿硝酸盐-亚硝酸盐-一氧化氮途径在局部产生的一氧化氮，并且通过同时摄入多酚进一步增强。本文将介绍并讨论包含膳食硝酸盐和多酚与肠道微生物群相互作用的不同途径，以及它们与局部和全身炎症事件的关系。此外，还将讨论这些相互作用的循环（硝酸盐-多酚-微生物群）如何可能成为解决炎症性疾病的新策略。
