Yang Zi, Du Conglin, Chang Zhichao, Yang Yang, Hu Liang
Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025 Jul 3;15:1612223. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1612223. eCollection 2025.
Nitrate, which maintains hemostasis in systemic circulation, is obtained from nitrate-rich vegetables, concentrated, reabsorbed by the salivary glands, and reduced to nitrite and nitric oxide (NO•). The bioavailability of nitrate and nitrite depends on unique nitrate reductases present in specific bacterial communities in the mouth and gut of mammals. The dominant bacteria in the oral cavity, stomach, and gut differ among internal environments. Nitrate can modulate microbiota metabolism and has important pathophysiological functions in diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes, metabolic diseases, and brain diseases via nitrate-reducing bacteria. Thus, in this review, we summarized the beneficial role of enterosalivary nitrate metabolism, focusing on the role of oral and gut bacterial communities in the enzymatic reduction of nitrate to nitrite. We have also discussed different nitrate-reduction pathways; influencing factors of nitrate-reducing bacteria; and the relationship among systemic health, nitrate intake, and bacteria. This review of enterosalivary nitrate and related microbiomes could provide a new perspective for the application of nitrate.
维持体循环止血的硝酸盐，来自富含硝酸盐的蔬菜，经浓缩后被唾液腺重吸收，并还原为亚硝酸盐和一氧化氮（NO•）。硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的生物利用度取决于哺乳动物口腔和肠道中特定细菌群落中存在的独特硝酸还原酶。口腔、胃和肠道中的优势细菌在不同的内部环境中有所不同。硝酸盐可调节微生物群的代谢，并通过硝酸盐还原菌在心血管疾病、胃肠道疾病、糖尿病、代谢性疾病和脑部疾病等疾病中发挥重要的病理生理功能。因此，在本综述中，我们总结了肠-唾液硝酸盐代谢的有益作用，重点关注口腔和肠道细菌群落在将硝酸盐酶促还原为亚硝酸盐中的作用。我们还讨论了不同的硝酸盐还原途径、硝酸盐还原菌的影响因素，以及全身健康、硝酸盐摄入和细菌之间的关系。这篇关于肠-唾液硝酸盐及相关微生物群的综述可为硝酸盐的应用提供新的视角。
