Werner Josephine P, Mitchell Joshua M, Taracila Magdalena A, Bonomo Robert A, Powers Rachel A
Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, 49401.
Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106.
Protein Sci. 2017 Mar;26(3):515-526. doi: 10.1002/pro.3100. Epub 2017 Feb 23.
β-lactam antibiotics are crucial to the management of bacterial infections in the medical community. Due to overuse and misuse, clinically significant bacteria are now resistant to many commercially available antibiotics. The most widespread resistance mechanism to β-lactams is the expression of β-lactamase enzymes. To overcome β-lactamase mediated resistance, inhibitors were designed to inactivate these enzymes. However, current inhibitors (clavulanic acid, tazobactam, and sulbactam) for β-lactamases also contain the characteristic β-lactam ring, making them susceptible to resistance mechanisms employed by bacteria. This presents a critical need for novel, non-β-lactam inhibitors that can circumvent these resistance mechanisms. The carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D β-lactamases (CHDLs) are of particular concern, given that they efficiently hydrolyze potent carbapenem antibiotics. Unfortunately, these enzymes are not inhibited by clinically available β-lactamase inhibitors, nor are they effectively inhibited by the newest, non-β-lactam inhibitor, avibactam. Boronic acids are known transition state analog inhibitors of class A and C β-lactamases, and are not extensively characterized as inhibitors of class D β-lactamases. Importantly, boronic acids provide a novel way to potentially inhibit class D β-lactamases. Sixteen boronic acids were selected and tested for inhibition of the CHDL OXA-24/40. Several compounds were identified as effective inhibitors of OXA-24/40, with K values as low as 5 μM. The X-ray crystal structures of OXA-24/40 in complex with BA3, BA4, BA8, and BA16 were determined and revealed the importance of interactions with hydrophobic residues Tyr112 and Trp115. These boronic acids serve as progenitors in optimization efforts of a novel series of inhibitors for class D β-lactamases.
β-内酰胺类抗生素在医学界对细菌感染的治疗中至关重要。由于过度使用和滥用,临床上具有重要意义的细菌现在对许多市售抗生素产生了耐药性。对β-内酰胺类最广泛的耐药机制是β-内酰胺酶的表达。为了克服β-内酰胺酶介导的耐药性,人们设计了抑制剂来使这些酶失活。然而,目前用于β-内酰胺酶的抑制剂(克拉维酸、他唑巴坦和舒巴坦)也含有特征性的β-内酰胺环,这使得它们容易受到细菌所采用的耐药机制的影响。这就迫切需要能够规避这些耐药机制的新型非β-内酰胺抑制剂。碳青霉烯水解D类β-内酰胺酶(CHDLs)尤其令人担忧,因为它们能有效水解强效的碳青霉烯类抗生素。不幸的是,这些酶既不被临床可用的β-内酰胺酶抑制剂抑制,也不被最新的非β-内酰胺抑制剂阿维巴坦有效抑制。硼酸是已知的A类和C类β-内酰胺酶的过渡态类似物抑制剂,作为D类β-内酰胺酶的抑制剂尚未得到广泛研究。重要的是,硼酸提供了一种潜在抑制D类β-内酰胺酶的新方法。选择了16种硼酸并测试其对CHDL OXA-24/40的抑制作用。鉴定出几种化合物是OXA-24/40的有效抑制剂,其K值低至5μM。确定了OXA-24/40与BA3、BA4、BA8和BA16复合物的X射线晶体结构,揭示了与疏水残基Tyr112和Trp115相互作用的重要性。这些硼酸可作为新型D类β-内酰胺酶抑制剂系列优化研究的起始物。