Murcia Germán, Fontana Ariel, Pontin Mariela, Baraldi Rita, Bertazza Gianpaolo, Piccoli Patricia N
Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, CONICET-UNCuyo, A. Brown 500, 5507 Chacras de Coria, Argentina.
Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, CONICET-UNCuyo, A. Brown 500, 5507 Chacras de Coria, Argentina; EEA-INTA La Consulta, CC8, 5567, La Consulta, Argentina.
Phytochemistry. 2017 Mar;135:34-52. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.12.007. Epub 2016 Dec 18.
Plants are able to synthesize a large number of organic compounds. Among them, primary metabolites are known to participate in plant growth and development, whereas secondary metabolites are mostly involved in defense and other facultative processes. In grapevine, one of the major fruit crops in the world, secondary metabolites, mainly polyphenols, are of great interest for the wine industry. Even though there is an extensive literature on the content and profile of those compounds in berries, scarce or no information is available regarding polyphenols in other organs. In addition, little is known about the effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs), ABA and GA (extensively used in table grapes) on the synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites in wine grapes. In table grapes, cultural practices include the use of GA sprays shortly before veraison, to increase berry and bunch size, and sugar content in fruits. Meanwhile, ABA applications to the berries on pre-veraison improve the skin coloring and sugar accumulation, anticipating the onset of veraison. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to assess and characterize primary and secondary metabolites in leaves, berries and roots of grapevine plants cv. Malbec at veraison, and changes in compositions after ABA and GA aerial sprayings. Metabolic profiling was conducted using GC-MS, GC-FID and HPLC-MWD. A large set of metabolites was identified: sugars, alditols, organic acids, amino acids, polyphenols (flavonoids and non-flavonoids) and terpenes (mono-, sesqui-, di- and triterpenes). The obtained results showed that ABA applications elicited synthesis of mono- and sesquiterpenes in all assessed tissues, as well as L-proline, acidic amino acids and anthocyanins in leaves. Additionally, applications with GA elicited synthesis of L-proline in berries, and mono- and sesquiterpenes in all the tissues. However, treatment with GA seemed to block polyphenol synthesis, mainly in berries. In conclusion, ABA and GA applications to grapevine plants cv. Malbec influenced the synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites known to be essential for coping with biotic and abiotic stresses.
植物能够合成大量有机化合物。其中，初级代谢产物参与植物的生长发育，而次级代谢产物大多参与防御和其他兼性过程。葡萄是世界上主要的水果作物之一，其次级代谢产物，主要是多酚，对葡萄酒行业具有重要意义。尽管关于浆果中这些化合物的含量和分布已有大量文献报道，但关于其他器官中多酚的信息却很少或几乎没有。此外，关于植物生长调节剂（PGRs）脱落酸（ABA）和赤霉素（GA）（广泛用于鲜食葡萄）对酿酒葡萄初级和次级代谢产物合成的影响，人们了解甚少。在鲜食葡萄中，栽培措施包括在转色期前不久喷施GA，以增加浆果和果穗大小以及果实中的糖分含量。同时，在转色前期对浆果施用ABA可改善果皮色泽和糖分积累，提前转色期的到来。因此，本研究的目的是评估和表征酿酒葡萄品种马尔贝克（Malbec）在转色期时叶片、浆果和根系中的初级和次级代谢产物，以及ABA和GA叶面喷施后其成分的变化。采用气相色谱 - 质谱联用（GC-MS）、气相色谱 - 火焰离子化检测器（GC-FID）和高效液相色谱 - 多波长检测器（HPLC-MWD）进行代谢谱分析。鉴定出了大量代谢产物：糖类、糖醇类、有机酸类、氨基酸类、多酚类（黄酮类和非黄酮类）和萜类（单萜、倍半萜、二萜和三萜）。所得结果表明，施用ABA可诱导所有评估组织中单萜和倍半萜的合成，以及叶片中L-脯氨酸、酸性氨基酸和花青素的合成。此外，施用GA可诱导浆果中L-脯氨酸的合成，以及所有组织中单萜和倍半萜的合成。然而，GA处理似乎会阻碍多酚的合成，主要是在浆果中。总之，对酿酒葡萄品种马尔贝克施用ABA和GA会影响已知对应对生物和非生物胁迫至关重要的初级和次级代谢产物的合成。
