Wood Susan, Abracinskas Lilián, Correa Sonia, Pecheny Mario
Director of Program Learning and Evaluation, International Women's Health Coalition, NY, NY, USA.
Director of Mujer y Salud Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay.
Reprod Health Matters. 2016 Nov;24(48):102-110. doi: 10.1016/j.rhm.2016.11.006. Epub 2016 Dec 8.
In October 2012, a new law was approved in Uruguay that allows abortion on demand during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, 14 weeks in the case of rape, and without a time limit when the woman's health is at risk or in the case of foetal anomalies. This paper analyses this legal reform. It is based on 27 individual and group interviews with key informants, and on review of primary documents and the literature. The factors explaining the reform include: secular values in society, favourable public opinion, a persistent feminist movement, effective coalition building, particular party politics, and a vocal public health sector. The content of the new law reflects the tensions between a feminist perspective of women's rights and public health arguments that stop short of fully recognizing women's autonomy. The Uruguayan reform shows that, even in Latin America, abortion can be addressed politically without electoral cost to the parties that promote it. On the other hand, the prevailing public health rationale and conditionalities built into the law during the negotiation process resulted in a law that cannot be interpreted as a full recognition of women's rights, but rather as a modified protectionist approach that circumscribes women's autonomy.
2012年10月，乌拉圭通过了一项新法律，允许在怀孕12周内按需堕胎；若为强奸所致怀孕，则可在14周内堕胎；若妇女健康面临风险或胎儿出现异常情况，则可不受时间限制进行堕胎。本文对这一法律改革进行了分析。分析基于对27位关键信息提供者进行的个人及小组访谈，以及对主要文件和相关文献的查阅。促成此次改革的因素包括：社会的世俗价值观、有利的公众舆论、持续存在的女权运动、有效的联盟构建、特定的政党政治以及呼声较高的公共卫生部门。新法律的内容反映出女权主义视角下的妇女权利与公共卫生观点之间的矛盾，后者并未完全认可妇女的自主权。乌拉圭的改革表明，即便在拉丁美洲，堕胎问题也能够从政治层面加以解决，而推动堕胎合法化的政党无需为此付出选举代价。另一方面，谈判过程中法律所依据的主流公共卫生理论及附加条件，使得该法律不能被解读为对妇女权利的充分认可，而更像是一种经过修正的保护主义做法，限制了妇女的自主权。
