Dimitrov Kiril M, Afonso Claudio L, Yu Qingzhong, Miller Patti J
Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Disease Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, USDA/ARS, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
Endemic Poultry Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, USDA/ARS, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
Vet Microbiol. 2017 Jul;206:126-136. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.019. Epub 2016 Dec 16.
Newcastle disease (ND) has been defined by the World Organisation for Animal Health as infection of poultry with virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Lesions affecting the neurological, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive systems are most often observed. The control of ND must include strict biosecurity that prevents virulent NDV from contacting poultry, and also proper administration of efficacious vaccines. When administered correctly to healthy birds, ND vaccines formulated with NDV of low virulence or viral-vectored vaccines that express the NDV fusion protein are able to prevent clinical disease and mortality in chickens upon infection with virulent NDV. Live and inactivated vaccines have been widely used since the 1950's. Recombinant and antigenically matched vaccines have been adopted recently in some countries, and many other vaccine approaches have been only evaluated experimentally. Despite decades of research and development towards formulation of an optimal ND vaccine, improvements are still needed. Impediments to prevent outbreaks include uneven vaccine application when using mass administration techniques in larger commercial settings, the difficulties associated with vaccinating free-roaming, multi-age birds of village flocks, and difficulties maintaining the cold chain to preserve the thermo-labile antigens in the vaccines. Incomplete or improper immunization often results in the disease and death of poultry after infection with virulent NDV. Another cause of decreased vaccine efficacy is the existence of antibodies (including maternal) in birds, which can neutralize the vaccine and thereby reduce the effectiveness of ND vaccines. In this review, a historical perspective, summary of the current situation for ND and NDV strains, and a review of traditional and experimental ND vaccines are presented.
新城疫（ND）已被世界动物卫生组织定义为家禽感染新城疫病毒（NDV）的强毒株。最常观察到影响神经、胃肠、呼吸和生殖系统的病变。新城疫的防控必须包括严格的生物安全措施，以防止强毒NDV接触家禽，同时正确接种有效的疫苗。当正确接种给健康禽类时，用低毒力NDV配制的新城疫疫苗或表达NDV融合蛋白的病毒载体疫苗能够预防鸡在感染强毒NDV时出现临床疾病和死亡。自20世纪50年代以来，活疫苗和灭活疫苗已被广泛使用。重组疫苗和抗原匹配疫苗最近在一些国家得到采用，许多其他疫苗方法仅在实验中进行了评估。尽管在研发最佳新城疫疫苗方面进行了数十年的研究，但仍有改进的必要。预防疫情爆发的障碍包括在大型商业养殖场使用大规模接种技术时疫苗接种不均匀、给农村鸡群中自由放养的不同龄期鸡接种疫苗存在困难，以及维持冷链以保存疫苗中热不稳定抗原的困难。免疫不完全或不当往往导致家禽在感染强毒NDV后发病和死亡。疫苗效力降低的另一个原因是禽类中存在抗体（包括母源抗体），这些抗体可中和疫苗，从而降低新城疫疫苗的效力。在本综述中，呈现了历史视角、新城疫和NDV毒株的现状总结以及传统和实验性新城疫疫苗的综述。
