Carliner Hannah, Sarvet Aaron L, Gordon Allegra R, Hasin Deborah S
Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, 722 W. 168th St., Office 1030-F, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive #123, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2017 Mar;52(3):279-289. doi: 10.1007/s00127-016-1329-x. Epub 2016 Dec 26.
While gender inequality has been a topic of concern for decades, little is known about the relationship between gender discrimination and illicit drug use. Further, whether this association varies by education level is unknown.
Among 19,209 women participants in Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (2004-2005), we used logistic regression to test the association between gender discrimination (measured with four items from the Experiences of Discrimination instrument) and three outcomes: past-year illicit drug use, frequent drug use, and drug use disorders. We then tested whether associations differed by education level.
Gender discrimination was reported by 9% of women and was associated with past-year drug use [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.67; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.17-3.29], frequent drug use (aOR = 2.82; CI 1.99-4.00), and past-year drug use disorders (aOR = 3.15; CI 2.16-4.61). All specific domains of gender discrimination (on the job, in public, with institutions, being called a sexist name) were associated with all drug use outcomes. The association between gender discrimination and past-year drug use was stronger among women with less than a high school education (aOR = 6.33; CI 3.38-11.85) compared to those with more education (aOR = 2.45; CI 1.97-3.04; p < 0.01).
Gender discrimination is consistently and strongly associated with illicit drug use and drug use disorders among U.S. women, with significantly higher odds for drug use among women with less than a high school education. Future research should examine whether explicitly addressing distress from discrimination could benefit women in drug treatment, especially among clients with lower educational attainment.
虽然性别不平等几十年来一直是人们关注的话题，但关于性别歧视与非法药物使用之间的关系却知之甚少。此外，这种关联是否因教育水平而异也不清楚。
在全国酒精及相关状况流行病学调查第二轮（2004 - 2005年）的19209名女性参与者中，我们使用逻辑回归来检验性别歧视（用歧视经历量表中的四个项目衡量）与三个结果之间的关联：过去一年的非法药物使用、频繁药物使用和药物使用障碍。然后我们检验了这些关联是否因教育水平而异。
9%的女性报告遭受过性别歧视，这与过去一年的药物使用（调整后的优势比[aOR] = 2.67；95%置信区间[CI] 2.17 - 3.29）、频繁药物使用（aOR = 2.82；CI 1.99 - 4.00）以及过去一年的药物使用障碍（aOR = 3.15；CI 2.16 - 4.61）相关。性别歧视的所有具体领域（在工作中、在公共场合、与机构打交道、被称为性别歧视者）都与所有药物使用结果相关。与受教育程度较高的女性（aOR = 2.45；CI 1.97 - 3.04；p < 0.01）相比，受教育程度低于高中的女性中，性别歧视与过去一年药物使用之间的关联更强（aOR = 6.33；CI 3.38 - 11.85）。
性别歧视与美国女性的非法药物使用和药物使用障碍始终且强烈相关，受教育程度低于高中的女性药物使用的几率显著更高。未来的研究应探讨明确解决歧视带来的困扰是否能使接受药物治疗的女性受益，尤其是教育程度较低的患者。
