Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, I-41125, Modena, Italy.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Jan;25(3):2035-2044. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-8290-9. Epub 2016 Dec 28.
The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations of five essential (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Se) and four non-essential/toxic elements (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) in 35 different starter infant formulas (0-6 months) sold in Italy. In addition, a safety assessment of these trace elements was carried out, by comparing the estimated daily intake (EDI) with the adequate intake (AI) and the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI), with a view to provide information on the metal distribution patterns and health risk to infants arising from the consumption of these products. The concentrations were determined by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave digestion. The concentrations expressed in geometric mean ± geometric standard deviation of Fe (6.17 ± 1.61 mg/L), Zn (6.21 ± 1.31 mg/L), Cu (416.4 ± 1.21 μg/L), Mn (121.5 ± 1.85 μg/L) and Se (13.27 ± 1.67 μg/L) were within legal limits. In spite of this, the mean EDIs of Fe (4.81 mg/day) and Mn (94.75 μg/day) were many times higher than the recommended AI, especially for Mn. Chromium, Ni, Cd and Pb concentrations were not detectable in 11, 37, 57 and 66% of the samples, respectively. Considering the overall sample, the GM ± GSD of these elements were 4.80 ± 5.35 μg/L for Cr, 1.02 ± 11.65 μg/L for Ni, 0.21 ± 14.83 μg/L for Cd and 0.14 ± 17.13 μg/L for Pb. The mean EDIs were far below the respective PTDI. When the safety assessment was based on the 75° percentile level of each elements, all EDIs remained well below the PTDI, with the exception of Cd, whose EDI approached (74.7%), albeit remaining below the PTDI. In conclusion, our results and the increased awareness on the potential risks of excessive Mn and Fe for infants support that an urgent scientific-based definition of the appropriated levels of fortification in formulas is required. Moreover, regular monitoring of all the stages of production of infant formulas is essential in order to limit toxic metal contamination.
本研究旨在调查意大利市场上 35 种不同品牌的婴儿配方食品（0-6 个月）中 5 种必需元素（铁、锰、锌、铜和硒）和 4 种非必需/有毒元素（铬、镉、镍和铅）的浓度。此外，通过比较估计每日摄入量（EDI）与适宜摄入量（AI）和暂定可耐受每日摄入量（PTDI），对这些微量元素进行了安全性评估，旨在提供有关这些产品消费对婴儿金属分布模式和健康风险的信息。采用微波消解后电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定浓度。铁（6.17 ± 1.61mg/L）、锌（6.21 ± 1.31mg/L）、铜（416.4 ± 1.21μg/L）、锰（121.5 ± 1.85μg/L）和硒（13.27 ± 1.67μg/L）的浓度以几何平均值 ± 几何标准差表示，均在法定范围内。尽管如此，铁（4.81mg/天）和锰（94.75μg/天）的平均 EDI 仍高于推荐的 AI，尤其是锰。铬、镍、镉和铅的浓度分别在 11%、37%、57%和 66%的样品中无法检测到。考虑到总体样本，这些元素的 GM ± GSD 分别为铬 4.80 ± 5.35μg/L、镍 1.02 ± 11.65μg/L、镉 0.21 ± 14.83μg/L 和铅 0.14 ± 17.13μg/L。EDI 均远低于各自的 PTDI。当基于每个元素的 75°分位数水平进行安全评估时，除了镉之外，所有 EDI 均远低于 PTDI，而镉的 EDI 接近（74.7%），尽管仍低于 PTDI。总之，我们的结果以及对婴儿锰和铁过量潜在风险的认识提高，支持迫切需要基于科学的定义配方中适宜的强化水平。此外，必须对婴儿配方食品生产的所有阶段进行定期监测，以限制有毒金属的污染。
