Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Mar;24(7):6399-6413. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-8264-y. Epub 2016 Dec 30.
The submission explores the possibility of a policy revision for considering clean air quality in recently launched nationwide campaign, Clean India Mission (CIM). Despite of several efforts for improving availability of clean household energy and sanitation facilities, situation remain still depressing as almost half of global population lacks access to clean energy and proper sanitation. Globally, at least 2.5 billion people do not have access to basic sanitation facilities. There are also evidences of 7 million premature deaths by air pollution in year 2012. The situation is even more disastrous for India especially in rural areas. Although, India has reasonably progressed in developing sanitary facilities and disseminating clean fuel to its urban households, the situation in rural areas is still miserable and needs to be reviewed. Several policy interventions and campaigns were made to improve the scenario but outcomes were remarkably poor. Indian census revealed a mere 31% sanitation coverage (in 2011) compared to 22% in 2001 while 60% of population (700 million) still use solid biofuels and traditional cook stoves for household cooking. Further, last decade (2001-2011) witnessed the progress decelerating down with rural households without sanitation facilities increased by 8.3 million while minimum progress has been made in conversion of conventional to modern fuels. To revamp the sanitation coverage, an overambitious nationwide campaign CIM was initiated in 2014 and present submission explores the possibility of including 'clean air' considerations within it. The article draws evidence from literatures on scenarios of rural sanitation, energy practises, pollution induced mortality and climatic impacts of air pollution. This subsequently hypothesised with possible modification in available technologies, dissemination modes, financing and implementation for integration of CIM with 'clean air' so that access to both sanitation and clean household energy may be effectively addressed.
提交的内容探讨了在最近发起的全国性清洁印度运动（CIM）中考虑空气质量改善的政策修订的可能性。尽管为改善清洁家庭能源和卫生设施的供应做出了几项努力，但情况仍然令人沮丧，因为全球近一半的人口无法获得清洁能源和适当的卫生设施。在全球范围内，至少有 25 亿人无法使用基本的卫生设施。2012 年，空气污染导致 700 万人过早死亡的证据也有。印度的情况更为糟糕，特别是在农村地区。尽管印度在发展卫生设施和向城市家庭传播清洁燃料方面取得了相当大的进展，但农村地区的情况仍然悲惨，需要进行审查。为了改善这种情况，已经采取了一些政策干预和运动，但结果却非常糟糕。印度人口普查显示，2011 年的卫生设施覆盖率仅为 31%（2001 年为 22%），而 60%的人口（7 亿人）仍在家庭烹饪中使用固体生物燃料和传统炉灶。此外，过去十年（2001-2011 年）见证了进展放缓，没有卫生设施的农村家庭增加了 830 万户，而传统燃料向现代燃料的转换仅取得了最低进展。为了提高卫生设施覆盖率，2014 年发起了一项雄心勃勃的全国性运动 CIM，本提交内容探讨了在其中纳入“清洁空气”考虑因素的可能性。本文从有关农村卫生、能源实践、污染导致的死亡和空气污染对气候影响的文献中汲取证据。随后，根据可用技术、传播模式、融资和实施方面的可能修改，提出了假设，以便将 CIM 与“清洁空气”结合起来，从而有效地解决卫生设施和清洁家庭能源的获取问题。
